{ "_meta": { "site": "https://usstats.io", "page": "https://usstats.io/data/", "license": "Public-domain government and published survey data; cite the publisher named in each series' source field.", "schema": "series[key] = { name, category, unit, coverage{first,last,points}, goodDirection (up|down|neutral|null), partialYear, partialThrough (YYYY-MM), source, sourceUrl, historicalSourceUrls[], note, data{year: value} }. Values are annual figures in the stated unit; a partialYear value is a year-to-date figure through partialThrough. Read `note` before comparing across a methodology break.", "siblings": { "csvLong": "https://usstats.io/data/stats.csv", "csvWide": "https://usstats.io/data/stats-wide.csv" }, "seriesCount": 107, "dataPoints": 4842 }, "generated": "2026-08-31T20:24:05.458Z", "series": { "unemployment": { "name": "Unemployment Rate", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1948, "last": 2026, "points": 79 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED UNRATE", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/UNRATE", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BLS U-3 unemployment rate, annual average of monthly figures.", "data": { "1948": 3.8, "1949": 6, "1950": 5.2, "1951": 3.3, "1952": 3, "1953": 2.9, "1954": 5.6, "1955": 4.4, "1956": 4.1, "1957": 4.3, "1958": 6.8, "1959": 5.5, "1960": 5.5, "1961": 6.7, "1962": 5.6, "1963": 5.6, "1964": 5.2, "1965": 4.5, "1966": 3.8, "1967": 3.8, "1968": 3.6, "1969": 3.5, "1970": 5, "1971": 6, "1972": 5.6, "1973": 4.9, "1974": 5.6, "1975": 8.5, "1976": 7.7, "1977": 7.1, "1978": 6.1, "1979": 5.9, "1980": 7.2, "1981": 7.6, "1982": 9.7, "1983": 9.6, "1984": 7.5, "1985": 7.2, "1986": 7, "1987": 6.2, "1988": 5.5, "1989": 5.3, "1990": 5.6, "1991": 6.8, "1992": 7.5, "1993": 6.9, "1994": 6.1, "1995": 5.6, "1996": 5.4, "1997": 4.9, "1998": 4.5, "1999": 4.2, "2000": 4, "2001": 4.7, "2002": 5.8, "2003": 6, "2004": 5.5, "2005": 5.1, "2006": 4.6, "2007": 4.6, "2008": 5.8, "2009": 9.3, "2010": 9.6, "2011": 8.9, "2012": 8.1, "2013": 7.4, "2014": 6.2, "2015": 5.3, "2016": 4.9, "2017": 4.4, "2018": 3.9, "2019": 3.7, "2020": 8.1, "2021": 5.4, "2022": 3.7, "2023": 3.6, "2024": 4, "2025": 4.3, "2026": 4.3 } }, "underemployment": { "name": "Underemployment (U-6)", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1994, "last": 2026, "points": 33 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED U6RATE", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/U6RATE", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BLS U-6: unemployed plus marginally attached plus part-time for economic reasons. Published from 1994.", "data": { "1994": 10.9, "1995": 10.1, "1996": 9.7, "1997": 8.9, "1998": 8, "1999": 7.4, "2000": 7, "2001": 8.2, "2002": 9.6, "2003": 10.1, "2004": 9.6, "2005": 8.9, "2006": 8.2, "2007": 8.3, "2008": 10.5, "2009": 16.3, "2010": 16.7, "2011": 15.9, "2012": 14.7, "2013": 13.8, "2014": 12, "2015": 10.5, "2016": 9.6, "2017": 8.5, "2018": 7.7, "2019": 7.2, "2020": 13.7, "2021": 9.4, "2022": 6.9, "2023": 6.9, "2024": 7.5, "2025": 8, "2026": 8 } }, "laborforce": { "name": "Labor Force Participation", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1948, "last": 2026, "points": 79 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED CIVPART", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CIVPART", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Share of the civilian population 16+ working or looking for work.", "data": { "1948": 58.8, "1949": 59, "1950": 59.2, "1951": 59.3, "1952": 59.1, "1953": 58.9, "1954": 58.8, "1955": 59.2, "1956": 60, "1957": 59.6, "1958": 59.5, "1959": 59.3, "1960": 59.4, "1961": 59.3, "1962": 58.8, "1963": 58.7, "1964": 58.7, "1965": 58.8, "1966": 59.2, "1967": 59.6, "1968": 59.6, "1969": 60.1, "1970": 60.4, "1971": 60.2, "1972": 60.4, "1973": 60.8, "1974": 61.3, "1975": 61.2, "1976": 61.6, "1977": 62.2, "1978": 63.1, "1979": 63.7, "1980": 63.8, "1981": 63.9, "1982": 64, "1983": 64, "1984": 64.4, "1985": 64.8, "1986": 65.2, "1987": 65.6, "1988": 65.9, "1989": 66.4, "1990": 66.5, "1991": 66.2, "1992": 66.4, "1993": 66.3, "1994": 66.6, "1995": 66.6, "1996": 66.8, "1997": 67.1, "1998": 67.1, "1999": 67.1, "2000": 67.1, "2001": 66.8, "2002": 66.6, "2003": 66.2, "2004": 66, "2005": 66, "2006": 66.2, "2007": 66, "2008": 66, "2009": 65.4, "2010": 64.7, "2011": 64.1, "2012": 63.7, "2013": 63.3, "2014": 62.9, "2015": 62.7, "2016": 62.8, "2017": 62.9, "2018": 62.9, "2019": 63.1, "2020": 61.7, "2021": 61.7, "2022": 62.2, "2023": 62.6, "2024": 62.6, "2025": 62.4, "2026": 61.8 } }, "primeAgeEmployment": { "name": "Prime-Age Employment Rate", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent of 25–54-year-olds employed, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1948, "last": 2026, "points": 79 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BLS Current Population Survey via FRED (LNS12300060)", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LNS12300060", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Employment-population ratio for ages 25 to 54, seasonally adjusted monthly, averaged by calendar year. The cleanest long-run read on whether working-age Americans have jobs, unaffected by retirement and schooling trends that move the overall rate.", "data": { "1948": 63, "1949": 62.1, "1950": 62.8, "1951": 64.4, "1952": 65, "1953": 65.3, "1954": 63.9, "1955": 65.2, "1956": 65.9, "1957": 66, "1958": 64.6, "1959": 65.6, "1960": 65.8, "1961": 65.3, "1962": 66, "1963": 66.4, "1964": 67, "1965": 67.6, "1966": 68.5, "1967": 69, "1968": 69.5, "1969": 70, "1970": 69.6, "1971": 69, "1972": 69.5, "1973": 70.5, "1974": 70.8, "1975": 69.3, "1976": 70.6, "1977": 71.9, "1978": 73.6, "1979": 74.6, "1980": 74.3, "1981": 74.7, "1982": 73.5, "1983": 73.7, "1984": 75.8, "1985": 76.7, "1986": 77.3, "1987": 78.4, "1988": 79.2, "1989": 79.9, "1990": 79.7, "1991": 78.6, "1992": 78.3, "1993": 78.5, "1994": 79.2, "1995": 79.7, "1996": 80.2, "1997": 80.9, "1998": 81.1, "1999": 81.4, "2000": 81.5, "2001": 80.5, "2002": 79.3, "2003": 78.8, "2004": 79, "2005": 79.3, "2006": 79.8, "2007": 79.9, "2008": 79.1, "2009": 75.8, "2010": 75.1, "2011": 75.1, "2012": 75.7, "2013": 75.9, "2014": 76.7, "2015": 77.2, "2016": 77.9, "2017": 78.6, "2018": 79.4, "2019": 79.9, "2020": 75.6, "2021": 77.6, "2022": 79.9, "2023": 80.7, "2024": 80.7, "2025": 73.9, "2026": 80.6 } }, "payrollWomen": { "name": "Women's Share of Payroll Jobs", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent of all nonfarm payroll jobs held by women", "coverage": { "first": 1964, "last": 2026, "points": 63 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "BLS Current Employment Statistics, via FRED (CES0000000010 ÷ PAYEMS)", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CES0000000010", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PAYEMS", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Women employees as a share of all employees on total nonfarm payrolls (BLS Current Employment Statistics, seasonally adjusted, monthly since 1964; annual value is the mean of the months). Payroll jobs, not people: multiple jobholders are counted at each job, and farm work and self-employment are excluded. Women first crossed 50% in the monthly data in June 2009 (recession-driven, reversed May 2010), again from November 2019 until the pandemic (April 2020), touched it in August 2025, and crossed again in February 2026 — the first sustained majority. Latest month (2026-07): 50.06% women.", "data": { "1964": 31.84, "1965": 32.21, "1966": 33.08, "1967": 33.86, "1968": 34.51, "1969": 35.05, "1970": 35.6, "1971": 35.92, "1972": 36.19, "1973": 36.67, "1974": 37.48, "1975": 38.22, "1976": 38.93, "1977": 39.63, "1978": 40.18, "1979": 40.79, "1980": 41.78, "1981": 42.41, "1982": 43.22, "1983": 43.8, "1984": 44.18, "1985": 44.73, "1986": 45.5, "1987": 46.05, "1988": 46.42, "1989": 46.78, "1990": 47.13, "1991": 47.71, "1992": 47.97, "1993": 47.99, "1994": 47.94, "1995": 47.95, "1996": 47.99, "1997": 48.03, "1998": 47.94, "1999": 47.97, "2000": 48.03, "2001": 48.37, "2002": 48.68, "2003": 48.72, "2004": 48.59, "2005": 48.5, "2006": 48.25, "2007": 48.65, "2008": 49.16, "2009": 49.98, "2010": 49.94, "2011": 49.61, "2012": 49.48, "2013": 49.45, "2014": 49.35, "2015": 49.34, "2016": 49.55, "2017": 49.54, "2018": 49.66, "2019": 49.9, "2020": 49.7, "2021": 49.76, "2022": 49.77, "2023": 49.84, "2024": 49.91, "2025": 49.96, "2026": 50.04 } }, "payrollMen": { "name": "Men's Share of Payroll Jobs", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent of all nonfarm payroll jobs held by men", "coverage": { "first": 1964, "last": 2026, "points": 63 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "BLS Current Employment Statistics, via FRED (100 − women's share)", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PAYEMS", "historicalSourceUrls": [], "note": "Complement of the women's-share series: 100 minus women's percent of total nonfarm payroll employment. Rendered as the second line of the same chart.", "data": { "1964": 68.16, "1965": 67.79, "1966": 66.92, "1967": 66.14, "1968": 65.49, "1969": 64.95, "1970": 64.4, "1971": 64.08, "1972": 63.81, "1973": 63.33, "1974": 62.52, "1975": 61.78, "1976": 61.07, "1977": 60.37, "1978": 59.82, "1979": 59.21, "1980": 58.22, "1981": 57.59, "1982": 56.78, "1983": 56.2, "1984": 55.82, "1985": 55.27, "1986": 54.5, "1987": 53.95, "1988": 53.58, "1989": 53.22, "1990": 52.87, "1991": 52.29, "1992": 52.03, "1993": 52.01, "1994": 52.06, "1995": 52.05, "1996": 52.01, "1997": 51.97, "1998": 52.06, "1999": 52.03, "2000": 51.97, "2001": 51.63, "2002": 51.32, "2003": 51.28, "2004": 51.41, "2005": 51.5, "2006": 51.75, "2007": 51.35, "2008": 50.84, "2009": 50.02, "2010": 50.06, "2011": 50.39, "2012": 50.52, "2013": 50.55, "2014": 50.65, "2015": 50.66, "2016": 50.45, "2017": 50.46, "2018": 50.34, "2019": 50.1, "2020": 50.3, "2021": 50.24, "2022": 50.23, "2023": 50.16, "2024": 50.09, "2025": 50.04, "2026": 49.96 } }, "gdpGrowth": { "name": "Real GDP Growth", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent per year", "coverage": { "first": 1930, "last": 2025, "points": 96 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FRED A191RL1A225NBEA", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A191RL1A225NBEA", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BEA real GDP, annual percent change.", "data": { "1930": -8.5, "1931": -6.4, "1932": -12.9, "1933": -1.2, "1934": 10.8, "1935": 8.9, "1936": 12.9, "1937": 5.1, "1938": -3.3, "1939": 8, "1940": 8.8, "1941": 17.7, "1942": 18.9, "1943": 17, "1944": 7.9, "1945": -1, "1946": -11.6, "1947": -1.1, "1948": 4.1, "1949": -0.6, "1950": 8.7, "1951": 8, "1952": 4.1, "1953": 4.7, "1954": -0.6, "1955": 7.1, "1956": 2.1, "1957": 2.1, "1958": -0.7, "1959": 6.9, "1960": 2.6, "1961": 2.6, "1962": 6.1, "1963": 4.4, "1964": 5.8, "1965": 6.5, "1966": 6.6, "1967": 2.7, "1968": 4.9, "1969": 3.1, "1970": 0.2, "1971": 3.3, "1972": 5.3, "1973": 5.6, "1974": -0.5, "1975": -0.2, "1976": 5.4, "1977": 4.6, "1978": 5.5, "1979": 3.2, "1980": -0.3, "1981": 2.5, "1982": -1.8, "1983": 4.6, "1984": 7.2, "1985": 4.2, "1986": 3.5, "1987": 3.5, "1988": 4.2, "1989": 3.7, "1990": 1.9, "1991": -0.1, "1992": 3.5, "1993": 2.7, "1994": 4, "1995": 2.7, "1996": 3.8, "1997": 4.4, "1998": 4.5, "1999": 4.8, "2000": 4.1, "2001": 1, "2002": 1.7, "2003": 2.8, "2004": 3.8, "2005": 3.5, "2006": 2.8, "2007": 2, "2008": 0.1, "2009": -2.6, "2010": 2.7, "2011": 1.6, "2012": 2.3, "2013": 2.1, "2014": 2.5, "2015": 2.9, "2016": 1.8, "2017": 2.5, "2018": 3, "2019": 2.6, "2020": -2.1, "2021": 6.2, "2022": 2.5, "2023": 2.9, "2024": 2.8, "2025": 2.1 } }, "productivity": { "name": "Labor Productivity", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "index, 2017 = 100", "coverage": { "first": 1947, "last": 2026, "points": 80 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-04", "source": "FRED OPHNFB", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/OPHNFB", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BLS nonfarm business output per hour, annual average of quarters.", "data": { "1947": 22.5, "1948": 23.1, "1949": 23.8, "1950": 25.4, "1951": 26.1, "1952": 26.6, "1953": 27.2, "1954": 27.8, "1955": 28.9, "1956": 28.8, "1957": 29.5, "1958": 30.2, "1959": 31.3, "1960": 31.6, "1961": 32.7, "1962": 34.1, "1963": 35.3, "1964": 36.2, "1965": 37.4, "1966": 38.8, "1967": 39.5, "1968": 40.8, "1969": 40.9, "1970": 41.5, "1971": 43.1, "1972": 44.6, "1973": 46, "1974": 45.2, "1975": 46.4, "1976": 48.1, "1977": 48.9, "1978": 49.6, "1979": 49.5, "1980": 49.5, "1981": 50.2, "1982": 49.8, "1983": 51.8, "1984": 53, "1985": 53.9, "1986": 55.5, "1987": 55.8, "1988": 56.7, "1989": 57.2, "1990": 58.2, "1991": 59.1, "1992": 61.8, "1993": 61.8, "1994": 62.3, "1995": 62.9, "1996": 64.3, "1997": 65.5, "1998": 67.7, "1999": 70.3, "2000": 72.5, "2001": 74.3, "2002": 77.5, "2003": 80.4, "2004": 82.7, "2005": 84.6, "2006": 85.4, "2007": 86.8, "2008": 87.9, "2009": 91.5, "2010": 94.4, "2011": 94.3, "2012": 95.2, "2013": 95.8, "2014": 96.8, "2015": 98, "2016": 98.6, "2017": 100.1, "2018": 101.5, "2019": 103.6, "2020": 109.1, "2021": 111.4, "2022": 109.8, "2023": 112.1, "2024": 115.4, "2025": 118, "2026": 119.8 } }, "inflation": { "name": "CPI Inflation", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent per year", "coverage": { "first": 1948, "last": 2026, "points": 79 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED CPIAUCSL", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "CPI-U year-over-year change; partial years compare matching months.", "data": { "1948": 7.7, "1949": -1, "1950": 1.1, "1951": 7.9, "1952": 2.3, "1953": 0.8, "1954": 0.4, "1955": -0.3, "1956": 1.5, "1957": 3.4, "1958": 2.7, "1959": 0.9, "1960": 1.5, "1961": 1.1, "1962": 1.2, "1963": 1.3, "1964": 1.3, "1965": 1.6, "1966": 3, "1967": 2.8, "1968": 4.2, "1969": 5.4, "1970": 5.9, "1971": 4.2, "1972": 3.3, "1973": 6.3, "1974": 11, "1975": 9.1, "1976": 5.8, "1977": 6.5, "1978": 7.6, "1979": 11.3, "1980": 13.5, "1981": 10.4, "1982": 6.2, "1983": 3.2, "1984": 4.4, "1985": 3.5, "1986": 1.9, "1987": 3.6, "1988": 4.1, "1989": 4.8, "1990": 5.4, "1991": 4.2, "1992": 3, "1993": 3, "1994": 2.6, "1995": 2.8, "1996": 2.9, "1997": 2.3, "1998": 1.5, "1999": 2.2, "2000": 3.4, "2001": 2.8, "2002": 1.6, "2003": 2.3, "2004": 2.7, "2005": 3.4, "2006": 3.2, "2007": 2.9, "2008": 3.8, "2009": -0.3, "2010": 1.6, "2011": 3.1, "2012": 2.1, "2013": 1.5, "2014": 1.6, "2015": 0.1, "2016": 1.3, "2017": 2.1, "2018": 2.4, "2019": 1.8, "2020": 1.3, "2021": 4.7, "2022": 8, "2023": 4.1, "2024": 3, "2025": 2.8, "2026": 3.3 } }, "income": { "name": "Real Median Household Income", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "2024 dollars", "coverage": { "first": 1984, "last": 2024, "points": 41 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FRED MEHOINUSA672N", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MEHOINUSA672N", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Census/BLS, inflation-adjusted; published with a one-year lag.", "data": { "1984": 60420, "1985": 61570, "1986": 63850, "1987": 64650, "1988": 65130, "1989": 66240, "1990": 65440, "1991": 63530, "1992": 63010, "1993": 62700, "1994": 63370, "1995": 65380, "1996": 66340, "1997": 67720, "1998": 70200, "1999": 71980, "2000": 71790, "2001": 70610, "2002": 70040, "2003": 70080, "2004": 69970, "2005": 71060, "2006": 71850, "2007": 73010, "2008": 70520, "2009": 70070, "2010": 68420, "2011": 67410, "2012": 67400, "2013": 69950, "2014": 69060, "2015": 72790, "2016": 75380, "2017": 76710, "2018": 77700, "2019": 83260, "2020": 81580, "2021": 81270, "2022": 79500, "2023": 82690, "2024": 83730 } }, "manufacturing": { "name": "Manufacturing Jobs", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "employees, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1939, "last": 2026, "points": 88 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED MANEMP", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MANEMP", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BLS payroll employment in manufacturing, annual average of monthly figures. FRED serves thousands; converted to persons.", "data": { "1939": 9450300, "1940": 10101600, "1941": 12127100, "1942": 14040200, "1943": 16163300, "1944": 15909800, "1945": 14253800, "1946": 13504400, "1947": 14276700, "1948": 14316500, "1949": 13279400, "1950": 14014100, "1951": 15070100, "1952": 15289800, "1953": 16128700, "1954": 14999200, "1955": 15521300, "1956": 15855900, "1957": 15797000, "1958": 14656300, "1959": 15325700, "1960": 15437300, "1961": 15009800, "1962": 15497100, "1963": 15631900, "1964": 15888700, "1965": 16618200, "1966": 17680800, "1967": 17897200, "1968": 18210800, "1969": 18572300, "1970": 17847100, "1971": 17171000, "1972": 17664100, "1973": 18584200, "1974": 18512300, "1975": 16912600, "1976": 17537500, "1977": 18173800, "1978": 18935700, "1979": 19427600, "1980": 18732400, "1981": 18634000, "1982": 17363600, "1983": 17049200, "1984": 17920700, "1985": 17818500, "1986": 17551900, "1987": 17608500, "1988": 17905300, "1989": 17984000, "1990": 17694700, "1991": 17068300, "1992": 16800300, "1993": 16776000, "1994": 17023800, "1995": 17244500, "1996": 17236800, "1997": 17418100, "1998": 17560100, "1999": 17322700, "2000": 17265000, "2001": 16440700, "2002": 15257000, "2003": 14508400, "2004": 14314900, "2005": 14224000, "2006": 14152400, "2007": 13871400, "2008": 13394600, "2009": 11836300, "2010": 11514300, "2011": 11710400, "2012": 11907700, "2013": 11996800, "2014": 12160000, "2015": 12307800, "2016": 12323500, "2017": 12406400, "2018": 12652900, "2019": 12778800, "2020": 12125000, "2021": 12311500, "2022": 12768500, "2023": 12873300, "2024": 12789300, "2025": 12632300, "2026": 12596000 } }, "unionMembership": { "name": "Union Membership", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "percent of employed wage and salary workers who are union members", "coverage": { "first": 1983, "last": 2025, "points": 43 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BLS Current Population Survey (series LUU0204899600)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.toc.htm", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v2/timeseries/data/LUU0204899600", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Union members as a percent of employed wage and salary workers aged 16+, annual averages from the CPS. BLS's consistent series begins in 1983; earlier figures came from a different survey and are not spliced in.", "data": { "1983": 20.1, "1984": 18.8, "1985": 18, "1986": 17.5, "1987": 17, "1988": 16.8, "1989": 16.4, "1990": 16, "1991": 16, "1992": 15.7, "1993": 15.7, "1994": 15.5, "1995": 14.9, "1996": 14.5, "1997": 14.1, "1998": 13.9, "1999": 13.9, "2000": 13.4, "2001": 13.3, "2002": 13.3, "2003": 12.9, "2004": 12.5, "2005": 12.5, "2006": 12, "2007": 12.1, "2008": 12.4, "2009": 12.3, "2010": 11.9, "2011": 11.8, "2012": 11.3, "2013": 11.3, "2014": 11.1, "2015": 11.1, "2016": 10.7, "2017": 10.7, "2018": 10.5, "2019": 10.3, "2020": 10.8, "2021": 10.3, "2022": 10.1, "2023": 10, "2024": 9.9, "2025": 10 } }, "business": { "name": "New Business Applications", "category": "Economy & Work", "unit": "applications per year", "coverage": { "first": 2005, "last": 2025, "points": 21 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FRED BABATOTALSAUS", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BABATOTALSAUS", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Census Business Formation Statistics; tracking began July 2004, so the series starts 2005. Partial years excluded.", "data": { "2005": 2504996, "2006": 2621411, "2007": 2652392, "2008": 2521737, "2009": 2428403, "2010": 2497405, "2011": 2573236, "2012": 2574634, "2013": 2610142, "2014": 2666367, "2015": 2822714, "2016": 2975857, "2017": 3197455, "2018": 3498607, "2019": 3517607, "2020": 4379813, "2021": 5408801, "2022": 5083802, "2023": 5489174, "2024": 5246630, "2025": 5636988 } }, "debt": { "name": "Revolving Consumer Credit", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "billions of dollars, year-end", "coverage": { "first": 1968, "last": 2026, "points": 59 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-06", "source": "FRED REVOLSL", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/REVOLSL", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Fed G.19 revolving credit (overwhelmingly credit cards), nominal; current year shows latest month. FRED serves millions; converted to billions.", "data": { "1968": 2, "1969": 3.6, "1970": 5, "1971": 8.2, "1972": 9.4, "1973": 11.3, "1974": 13.2, "1975": 14.5, "1976": 16.5, "1977": 37.4, "1978": 45.7, "1979": 53.6, "1980": 55, "1981": 60.9, "1982": 66.3, "1983": 79, "1984": 100.4, "1985": 124.5, "1986": 141.1, "1987": 160.9, "1988": 184.6, "1989": 211.2, "1990": 238.6, "1991": 263.8, "1992": 278.4, "1993": 309.9, "1994": 365.6, "1995": 443.9, "1996": 507.5, "1997": 540, "1998": 581.4, "1999": 610.7, "2000": 682.6, "2001": 714.8, "2002": 750.9, "2003": 768.3, "2004": 799.6, "2005": 829.5, "2006": 923.9, "2007": 1001.6, "2008": 1004, "2009": 916.1, "2010": 839.1, "2011": 840.2, "2012": 840, "2013": 854.1, "2014": 887.4, "2015": 898.1, "2016": 960.1, "2017": 1016.8, "2018": 1053.8, "2019": 1092, "2020": 954.6, "2021": 1033.5, "2022": 1192.6, "2023": 1298.9, "2024": 1297, "2025": 1324.3, "2026": 1351.1 } }, "creditCardDelinquency": { "name": "Credit Card Delinquency Rate", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "percent of credit card balances 30+ days past due, all commercial banks, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1991, "last": 2026, "points": 36 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Federal Reserve Board via FRED (DRCCLACBS)", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DRCCLACBS", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Delinquency rate on credit card loans at all commercial banks (Fed Board Charge-Off and Delinquency Rates release): loans 30 days or more past due plus nonaccrual, seasonally adjusted, as a percent of balances. Annual value is the mean of the four quarters. Covers bank-held cards only; the New York Fed's serious (90+ day) delinquency series from the Consumer Credit Panel is in this dataset as creditCardSeriousDelinquency.", "data": { "1991": 5.35, "1992": 5.01, "1993": 4.26, "1994": 3.36, "1995": 3.75, "1996": 4.34, "1997": 4.73, "1998": 4.74, "1999": 4.6, "2000": 4.51, "2001": 4.86, "2002": 4.86, "2003": 4.47, "2004": 4.12, "2005": 3.7, "2006": 4.01, "2007": 4.25, "2008": 5.03, "2009": 6.53, "2010": 4.9, "2011": 3.54, "2012": 2.88, "2013": 2.5, "2014": 2.23, "2015": 2.14, "2016": 2.25, "2017": 2.48, "2018": 2.51, "2019": 2.58, "2020": 2.31, "2021": 1.64, "2022": 1.96, "2023": 2.81, "2024": 3.17, "2025": 3, "2026": 2.92 } }, "bankruptcies": { "name": "Consumer Bankruptcies", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "thousands of consumers with a new bankruptcy notation per year", "coverage": { "first": 2003, "last": 2025, "points": 23 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Household Debt and Credit Report (Consumer Credit Panel/Equifax)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.newyorkfed.org/microeconomics/hhdc", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Number of consumers with a new bankruptcy notation on their credit file, summed across the four quarters of each year, from the New York Fed Consumer Credit Panel. The spike and collapse around October 2005 is the BAPCPA bankruptcy-reform filing rush. Only full years are included. US Courts' Table F-2 filing counts are the administrative alternative; this panel series is used because it is one machine-readable file back to 2003.", "data": { "2003": 2299.4, "2004": 2217.7, "2005": 2741.1, "2006": 1012.3, "2007": 1220.1, "2008": 1548.2, "2009": 1942.4, "2010": 2106.2, "2011": 1755.7, "2012": 1460.6, "2013": 1377, "2014": 1104.7, "2015": 959.7, "2016": 848.8, "2017": 836.3, "2018": 826.2, "2019": 814.3, "2020": 577.1, "2021": 425.6, "2022": 383.9, "2023": 445.8, "2024": 506.3, "2025": 501.6 } }, "studentDebt": { "name": "Student Loan Debt", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "billions of dollars, year-end", "coverage": { "first": 2006, "last": 2024, "points": 19 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FRED SLOAS", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SLOAS", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Fed G.19 student loans owned and securitized, nominal. The series was discontinued after 2024 Q4, so it ends there. FRED serves millions; converted to billions.", "data": { "2006": 521.4, "2007": 589.5, "2008": 676, "2009": 771.7, "2010": 855.5, "2011": 959.8, "2012": 1054.6, "2013": 1145.6, "2014": 1235.8, "2015": 1320.2, "2016": 1405.3, "2017": 1488.9, "2018": 1566.9, "2019": 1637.9, "2020": 1693.9, "2021": 1733.4, "2022": 1764.1, "2023": 1729.1, "2024": 1777.1 } }, "saving": { "name": "Personal Saving Rate", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "percent of disposable income", "coverage": { "first": 1959, "last": 2026, "points": 68 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-06", "source": "FRED PSAVERT", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PSAVERT", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BEA personal saving as share of disposable personal income.", "data": { "1959": 10.3, "1960": 10.1, "1961": 11.3, "1962": 11.2, "1963": 10.7, "1964": 11.6, "1965": 11.4, "1966": 11.2, "1967": 12.3, "1968": 11.3, "1969": 10.9, "1970": 12.8, "1971": 13.5, "1972": 12.3, "1973": 13.5, "1974": 13.3, "1975": 13.4, "1976": 11.6, "1977": 10.7, "1978": 10.7, "1979": 10.3, "1980": 11.1, "1981": 11.7, "1982": 12, "1983": 10.1, "1984": 11.2, "1985": 9.1, "1986": 8.8, "1987": 7.5, "1988": 8.4, "1989": 8.3, "1990": 8.4, "1991": 8.9, "1992": 9.4, "1993": 7.8, "1994": 6.8, "1995": 6.9, "1996": 6.3, "1997": 6, "1998": 6.5, "1999": 4.6, "2000": 4.3, "2001": 4.7, "2002": 5.6, "2003": 5.2, "2004": 4.7, "2005": 2.3, "2006": 2.8, "2007": 2.5, "2008": 4.1, "2009": 5.7, "2010": 5.9, "2011": 6.6, "2012": 7.9, "2013": 5, "2014": 5.5, "2015": 5.8, "2016": 5.4, "2017": 5.8, "2018": 6.4, "2019": 7.3, "2020": 15.1, "2021": 11.3, "2022": 3.3, "2023": 5.6, "2024": 5.4, "2025": 4.6, "2026": 3.4 } }, "debtService": { "name": "Household Debt Service Ratio", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "percent of disposable income", "coverage": { "first": 2005, "last": 2026, "points": 22 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-01", "source": "FRED TDSP", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TDSP", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Fed: required debt payments as share of disposable income.", "data": { "2005": 14.9, "2006": 15.2, "2007": 15.7, "2008": 15.6, "2009": 15.2, "2010": 14, "2011": 13, "2012": 12, "2013": 11.9, "2014": 11.7, "2015": 11.6, "2016": 11.8, "2017": 11.8, "2018": 11.6, "2019": 11.6, "2020": 10.4, "2021": 9.8, "2022": 10.6, "2023": 10.7, "2024": 11.1, "2025": 11.2, "2026": 11.2 } }, "fedDebt": { "name": "Federal Debt to GDP", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "percent of GDP", "coverage": { "first": 1966, "last": 2026, "points": 61 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-01", "source": "FRED GFDEGDQ188S", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GFDEGDQ188S", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Total public debt as percent of GDP, annual average of quarters.", "data": { "1966": 39.7, "1967": 38.8, "1968": 37.4, "1969": 35.4, "1970": 35.2, "1971": 34.9, "1972": 33.9, "1973": 32.4, "1974": 31.1, "1975": 32.2, "1976": 33.5, "1977": 33.2, "1978": 32.4, "1979": 31.2, "1980": 31.3, "1981": 30.9, "1982": 33.5, "1983": 36.8, "1984": 38.4, "1985": 41.8, "1986": 45.8, "1987": 48.1, "1988": 49.3, "1989": 50.3, "1990": 53.6, "1991": 58.7, "1992": 61.7, "1993": 63.9, "1994": 64.2, "1995": 64.7, "1996": 64.5, "1997": 63.2, "1998": 61.3, "1999": 59, "2000": 55.6, "2001": 54.9, "2002": 56.6, "2003": 58.7, "2004": 60.1, "2005": 60.8, "2006": 61.5, "2007": 62.1, "2008": 67.1, "2009": 81, "2010": 89, "2011": 93.9, "2012": 98.4, "2013": 99.8, "2014": 101.1, "2015": 100.3, "2016": 104, "2017": 102.5, "2018": 103.8, "2019": 104.4, "2020": 122.3, "2021": 120.9, "2022": 118.4, "2023": 117.7, "2024": 120.4, "2025": 120.7, "2026": 122.6 } }, "fedFunds": { "name": "Federal Funds Rate", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "percent, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1954, "last": 2026, "points": 73 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED FEDFUNDS", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/FEDFUNDS", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Effective federal funds rate.", "data": { "1954": 1.01, "1955": 1.78, "1956": 2.73, "1957": 3.1, "1958": 1.57, "1959": 3.31, "1960": 3.22, "1961": 1.96, "1962": 2.71, "1963": 3.18, "1964": 3.5, "1965": 4.07, "1966": 5.11, "1967": 4.22, "1968": 5.66, "1969": 8.2, "1970": 7.18, "1971": 4.66, "1972": 4.43, "1973": 8.73, "1974": 10.5, "1975": 5.82, "1976": 5.04, "1977": 5.54, "1978": 7.93, "1979": 11.19, "1980": 13.36, "1981": 16.38, "1982": 12.26, "1983": 9.09, "1984": 10.22, "1985": 8.1, "1986": 6.81, "1987": 6.66, "1988": 7.57, "1989": 9.22, "1990": 8.1, "1991": 5.69, "1992": 3.52, "1993": 3.02, "1994": 4.2, "1995": 5.84, "1996": 5.3, "1997": 5.46, "1998": 5.35, "1999": 4.97, "2000": 6.24, "2001": 3.89, "2002": 1.67, "2003": 1.13, "2004": 1.35, "2005": 3.21, "2006": 4.96, "2007": 5.02, "2008": 1.93, "2009": 0.16, "2010": 0.17, "2011": 0.1, "2012": 0.14, "2013": 0.11, "2014": 0.09, "2015": 0.13, "2016": 0.4, "2017": 1, "2018": 1.83, "2019": 2.16, "2020": 0.38, "2021": 0.08, "2022": 1.68, "2023": 5.02, "2024": 5.14, "2025": 4.21, "2026": 3.64 } }, "mortgage": { "name": "30-Year Mortgage Rate", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "percent, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1971, "last": 2026, "points": 56 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "FRED MORTGAGE30US", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MORTGAGE30US", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Freddie Mac Primary Mortgage Market Survey.", "data": { "1971": 7.54, "1972": 7.38, "1973": 8.04, "1974": 9.19, "1975": 9.05, "1976": 8.87, "1977": 8.85, "1978": 9.64, "1979": 11.2, "1980": 13.74, "1981": 16.64, "1982": 16.04, "1983": 13.24, "1984": 13.88, "1985": 12.43, "1986": 10.19, "1987": 10.21, "1988": 10.34, "1989": 10.32, "1990": 10.13, "1991": 9.25, "1992": 8.39, "1993": 7.31, "1994": 8.38, "1995": 7.93, "1996": 7.81, "1997": 7.6, "1998": 6.94, "1999": 7.44, "2000": 8.05, "2001": 6.97, "2002": 6.54, "2003": 5.83, "2004": 5.84, "2005": 5.87, "2006": 6.41, "2007": 6.34, "2008": 6.03, "2009": 5.04, "2010": 4.69, "2011": 4.45, "2012": 3.66, "2013": 3.98, "2014": 4.17, "2015": 3.85, "2016": 3.65, "2017": 3.99, "2018": 4.54, "2019": 3.94, "2020": 3.11, "2021": 2.96, "2022": 5.34, "2023": 6.81, "2024": 6.72, "2025": 6.6, "2026": 6.35 } }, "stocks": { "name": "Stock Market (NASDAQ)", "category": "Money & Debt", "unit": "index, annual average of daily closes", "coverage": { "first": 1971, "last": 2026, "points": 56 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "FRED NASDAQCOM", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NASDAQCOM", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "NASDAQ Composite, annual average of daily closing values, nominal and not dividend-adjusted.", "data": { "1971": 107, "1972": 129, "1973": 110, "1974": 76, "1975": 77, "1976": 90, "1977": 99, "1978": 118, "1979": 137, "1980": 169, "1981": 203, "1982": 189, "1983": 285, "1984": 249, "1985": 290, "1986": 367, "1987": 403, "1988": 374, "1989": 438, "1990": 409, "1991": 492, "1992": 599, "1993": 715, "1994": 752, "1995": 925, "1996": 1165, "1997": 1469, "1998": 1795, "1999": 2728, "2000": 3784, "2001": 2035, "2002": 1540, "2003": 1647, "2004": 1986, "2005": 2099, "2006": 2263, "2007": 2578, "2008": 2162, "2009": 1845, "2010": 2350, "2011": 2677, "2012": 2966, "2013": 3541, "2014": 4375, "2015": 4946, "2016": 4988, "2017": 6235, "2018": 7426, "2019": 7940, "2020": 10202, "2021": 14372, "2022": 12231, "2023": 12970, "2024": 17247, "2025": 20502, "2026": 24503 } }, "homePrice": { "name": "Median Home Sale Price", "category": "Cost of Living", "unit": "dollars, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1963, "last": 2026, "points": 64 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-04", "source": "FRED MSPUS", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MSPUS", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Census/HUD median sales price of houses sold, nominal.", "data": { "1963": 18050, "1964": 18925, "1965": 20125, "1966": 21500, "1967": 22750, "1968": 24800, "1969": 25600, "1970": 23475, "1971": 25225, "1972": 27525, "1973": 32600, "1974": 36050, "1975": 39275, "1976": 44225, "1977": 48900, "1978": 55850, "1979": 62750, "1980": 64750, "1981": 68950, "1982": 69225, "1983": 75375, "1984": 79950, "1985": 84275, "1986": 92025, "1987": 104700, "1988": 112225, "1989": 120425, "1990": 122300, "1991": 119975, "1992": 121375, "1993": 126500, "1994": 130425, "1995": 133475, "1996": 140250, "1997": 145000, "1998": 151925, "1999": 160125, "2000": 167550, "2001": 173100, "2002": 186025, "2003": 192125, "2004": 218150, "2005": 236550, "2006": 243750, "2007": 244950, "2008": 229550, "2009": 215650, "2010": 222700, "2011": 224900, "2012": 244400, "2013": 266225, "2014": 285775, "2015": 294150, "2016": 305125, "2017": 322425, "2018": 325275, "2019": 320250, "2020": 328150, "2021": 383000, "2022": 432950, "2023": 426525, "2024": 418975, "2025": 415400, "2026": 409600 } }, "rent": { "name": "Rent", "category": "Cost of Living", "unit": "CPI index, 1982-84 = 100", "coverage": { "first": 1930, "last": 2026, "points": 97 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED CUUR0000SEHA", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CUUR0000SEHA", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BLS CPI-U rent of primary residence, not seasonally adjusted. Shown as the published index; the row's change is the cumulative rise over the window.", "data": { "1930": 31, "1931": 29.1, "1932": 25.7, "1933": 22.3, "1934": 21.3, "1935": 21.4, "1936": 21.9, "1937": 23, "1938": 23.7, "1939": 23.7, "1940": 23.8, "1941": 24.2, "1942": 24.7, "1943": 24.7, "1944": 24.7, "1945": 24.8, "1946": 25, "1947": 25.8, "1948": 27.5, "1949": 28.7, "1950": 29.8, "1951": 30.9, "1952": 32.2, "1953": 33.9, "1954": 35.1, "1955": 35.6, "1956": 36.3, "1957": 37, "1958": 37.6, "1959": 38.2, "1960": 38.7, "1961": 39.2, "1962": 39.7, "1963": 40.1, "1964": 40.5, "1965": 40.9, "1966": 41.5, "1967": 42.2, "1968": 43.3, "1969": 44.6, "1970": 46.5, "1971": 48.6, "1972": 50.3, "1973": 52.5, "1974": 55.1, "1975": 58, "1976": 61.1, "1977": 64.8, "1978": 69.3, "1979": 74.3, "1980": 80.9, "1981": 87.9, "1982": 94.6, "1983": 100.1, "1984": 105.3, "1985": 111.8, "1986": 118.3, "1987": 123.1, "1988": 127.8, "1989": 132.8, "1990": 138.4, "1991": 143.3, "1992": 146.9, "1993": 150.3, "1994": 154, "1995": 157.8, "1996": 162, "1997": 166.7, "1998": 172.1, "1999": 177.5, "2000": 183.9, "2001": 192.1, "2002": 199.7, "2003": 205.5, "2004": 211, "2005": 217.3, "2006": 225.1, "2007": 234.7, "2008": 243.3, "2009": 248.8, "2010": 249.4, "2011": 253.6, "2012": 260.4, "2013": 267.7, "2014": 276.2, "2015": 286, "2016": 296.8, "2017": 308.1, "2018": 319.3, "2019": 331.1, "2020": 341.5, "2021": 349.1, "2022": 370.2, "2023": 399.6, "2024": 420.1, "2025": 434.9, "2026": 444.7 } }, "homeownership": { "name": "Homeownership Rate", "category": "Cost of Living", "unit": "percent of households, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1965, "last": 2026, "points": 62 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-04", "source": "FRED RHORUSQ156N", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RHORUSQ156N", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Census Housing Vacancies and Homeownership survey.", "data": { "1965": 63, "1966": 63.5, "1967": 63.6, "1968": 63.8, "1969": 64.3, "1970": 64.2, "1971": 64.3, "1972": 64.4, "1973": 64.5, "1974": 64.7, "1975": 64.6, "1976": 64.7, "1977": 64.8, "1978": 64.9, "1979": 65.2, "1980": 65.6, "1981": 65.4, "1982": 64.8, "1983": 64.7, "1984": 64.5, "1985": 63.9, "1986": 63.8, "1987": 64, "1988": 63.8, "1989": 63.9, "1990": 63.9, "1991": 64, "1992": 64.2, "1993": 64.5, "1994": 64, "1995": 64.8, "1996": 65.4, "1997": 65.7, "1998": 66.3, "1999": 66.8, "2000": 67.4, "2001": 67.8, "2002": 67.9, "2003": 68.3, "2004": 69, "2005": 68.9, "2006": 68.8, "2007": 68.2, "2008": 67.8, "2009": 67.4, "2010": 66.8, "2011": 66.2, "2012": 65.5, "2013": 65.1, "2014": 64.5, "2015": 63.7, "2016": 63.4, "2017": 63.9, "2018": 64.4, "2019": 64.6, "2020": 66.6, "2021": 65.5, "2022": 65.8, "2023": 65.9, "2024": 65.6, "2025": 65.3, "2026": 65.2 } }, "housingStarts": { "name": "Housing Starts", "category": "Cost of Living", "unit": "units per year", "coverage": { "first": 1959, "last": 2026, "points": 68 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED HOUST", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/HOUST", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Census new privately-owned housing units started, annual average of monthly seasonally-adjusted annual rates. FRED serves thousands; converted to units.", "data": { "1959": 1535300, "1960": 1256000, "1961": 1311500, "1962": 1458600, "1963": 1588300, "1964": 1540400, "1965": 1469300, "1966": 1166500, "1967": 1284800, "1968": 1503600, "1969": 1486700, "1970": 1434800, "1971": 2035600, "1972": 2360800, "1973": 2043900, "1974": 1331900, "1975": 1159800, "1976": 1535000, "1977": 1961800, "1978": 2000600, "1979": 1717300, "1980": 1300300, "1981": 1096300, "1982": 1057300, "1983": 1705400, "1984": 1766300, "1985": 1741400, "1986": 1811900, "1987": 1630500, "1988": 1487800, "1989": 1382100, "1990": 1203200, "1991": 1008800, "1992": 1201400, "1993": 1291600, "1994": 1446000, "1995": 1361000, "1996": 1468700, "1997": 1474600, "1998": 1621200, "1999": 1647300, "2000": 1573300, "2001": 1601200, "2002": 1710300, "2003": 1853800, "2004": 1949500, "2005": 2072900, "2006": 1811900, "2007": 1341800, "2008": 900000, "2009": 554000, "2010": 585500, "2011": 611900, "2012": 783800, "2013": 928200, "2014": 1000300, "2015": 1106800, "2016": 1177100, "2017": 1204700, "2018": 1246800, "2019": 1291500, "2020": 1394300, "2021": 1603300, "2022": 1550300, "2023": 1420900, "2024": 1370000, "2025": 1355800, "2026": 1357600 } }, "gas": { "name": "Regular Gasoline Price", "category": "Cost of Living", "unit": "dollars per gallon, annual average", "coverage": { "first": 1990, "last": 2026, "points": 37 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-08", "source": "FRED GASREGW", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GASREGW", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "EIA weekly US regular retail price, nominal.", "data": { "1990": 1.3, "1991": 1.1, "1992": 1.09, "1993": 1.07, "1994": 1.07, "1995": 1.11, "1996": 1.2, "1997": 1.2, "1998": 1.03, "1999": 1.14, "2000": 1.48, "2001": 1.42, "2002": 1.34, "2003": 1.56, "2004": 1.85, "2005": 2.27, "2006": 2.57, "2007": 2.8, "2008": 3.25, "2009": 2.35, "2010": 2.78, "2011": 3.52, "2012": 3.62, "2013": 3.5, "2014": 3.36, "2015": 2.43, "2016": 2.14, "2017": 2.41, "2018": 2.72, "2019": 2.6, "2020": 2.17, "2021": 3.01, "2022": 3.95, "2023": 3.52, "2024": 3.3, "2025": 3.1, "2026": 3.74 } }, "electricity": { "name": "Electricity Price", "category": "Cost of Living", "unit": "dollars per kilowatt-hour", "coverage": { "first": 1978, "last": 2026, "points": 49 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED APU000072610", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/APU000072610", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BLS average consumer price, US city average, nominal.", "data": { "1978": 0.046, "1979": 0.05, "1980": 0.06, "1981": 0.069, "1982": 0.076, "1983": 0.078, "1984": 0.082, "1985": 0.081, "1986": 0.077, "1987": 0.079, "1988": 0.08, "1989": 0.082, "1990": 0.084, "1991": 0.087, "1992": 0.088, "1993": 0.092, "1994": 0.092, "1995": 0.094, "1996": 0.094, "1997": 0.094, "1998": 0.087, "1999": 0.086, "2000": 0.087, "2001": 0.092, "2002": 0.091, "2003": 0.093, "2004": 0.094, "2005": 0.1, "2006": 0.112, "2007": 0.117, "2008": 0.123, "2009": 0.127, "2010": 0.128, "2011": 0.13, "2012": 0.13, "2013": 0.132, "2014": 0.137, "2015": 0.138, "2016": 0.135, "2017": 0.138, "2018": 0.136, "2019": 0.136, "2020": 0.135, "2021": 0.141, "2022": 0.159, "2023": 0.168, "2024": 0.176, "2025": 0.185, "2026": 0.194 } }, "gini": { "name": "Income Inequality (Gini)", "category": "Wealth & Inequality", "unit": "Gini index, 0-100", "coverage": { "first": 1963, "last": 2024, "points": 62 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FRED SIPOVGINIUSA", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SIPOVGINIUSA", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "World Bank Gini index for the United States, built on Census income data. Higher means more unequal.", "data": { "1963": 36.7, "1964": 37.4, "1965": 36.8, "1966": 37.1, "1967": 36.9, "1968": 36.3, "1969": 36, "1970": 36.6, "1971": 36.9, "1972": 36.7, "1973": 36.1, "1974": 35.5, "1975": 35.7, "1976": 35.6, "1977": 35.5, "1978": 34.8, "1979": 34.8, "1980": 34.7, "1981": 35.5, "1982": 36.7, "1983": 37.3, "1984": 37.3, "1985": 37.6, "1986": 37.6, "1987": 37.2, "1988": 37.7, "1989": 38.2, "1990": 38.3, "1991": 38, "1992": 38.4, "1993": 40.4, "1994": 40, "1995": 39.9, "1996": 40.3, "1997": 40.5, "1998": 40, "1999": 40, "2000": 40.1, "2001": 40.6, "2002": 40.4, "2003": 40.8, "2004": 40.5, "2005": 41.3, "2006": 41.7, "2007": 41.1, "2008": 41.1, "2009": 40.9, "2010": 40.2, "2011": 41.2, "2012": 41.2, "2013": 40.9, "2014": 41.7, "2015": 41.5, "2016": 41.3, "2017": 41.4, "2018": 41.8, "2019": 41.9, "2020": 40, "2021": 39.7, "2022": 41.7, "2023": 41.8, "2024": 41.8 } }, "topWealth": { "name": "Top 1% Wealth Share", "category": "Wealth & Inequality", "unit": "percent of household net worth", "coverage": { "first": 1989, "last": 2026, "points": 38 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-01", "source": "FRED WFRBST01134", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WFRBST01134", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Fed Distributional Financial Accounts, share of total household net worth held by the top 1 percent, annual average of quarters. Published from 1989.", "data": { "1989": 22.9, "1990": 22.7, "1991": 23.2, "1992": 23.3, "1993": 24.4, "1994": 25.5, "1995": 26.9, "1996": 27.2, "1997": 27.3, "1998": 27.6, "1999": 27.6, "2000": 27.4, "2001": 26, "2002": 25.4, "2003": 25.4, "2004": 26.8, "2005": 27.2, "2006": 28, "2007": 28.8, "2008": 28.2, "2009": 27.8, "2010": 28.4, "2011": 29, "2012": 29.5, "2013": 29.7, "2014": 30.4, "2015": 30.6, "2016": 30.7, "2017": 30.7, "2018": 30.5, "2019": 30.5, "2020": 29.9, "2021": 30.8, "2022": 29.8, "2023": 30.1, "2024": 30.8, "2025": 31.4, "2026": 31.6 } }, "poverty": { "name": "Poverty Rate", "category": "Wealth & Inequality", "unit": "percent of people, all ages", "coverage": { "first": 1989, "last": 2024, "points": 32 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FRED PPAAUS00000A156NCEN", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PPAAUS00000A156NCEN", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Census SAIPE estimated percent of people of all ages in poverty. Published from 1989.", "data": { "1989": 12.8, "1993": 15.1, "1995": 13.8, "1996": 13.7, "1997": 13.3, "1998": 12.7, "1999": 11.9, "2000": 11.3, "2001": 11.7, "2002": 12.1, "2003": 12.5, "2004": 12.7, "2005": 13.3, "2006": 13.3, "2007": 13, "2008": 13.2, "2009": 14.3, "2010": 15.3, "2011": 15.9, "2012": 15.9, "2013": 15.8, "2014": 15.5, "2015": 14.7, "2016": 14, "2017": 13.4, "2018": 13.1, "2019": 12.3, "2020": 11.9, "2021": 12.8, "2022": 12.6, "2023": 12.5, "2024": 12.1 } }, "childPoverty": { "name": "Child Poverty Rate", "category": "Wealth & Inequality", "unit": "percent of people under 18 below the official poverty line", "coverage": { "first": 1959, "last": 2024, "points": 66 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Census Bureau, CPS ASEC Historical Poverty Table 3", "sourceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-poverty-people.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/tables/time-series/historical-poverty-people/hstpov3.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Official poverty measure, all people under 18, all races (Table 3, column 'Percent in poverty'). Census footnotes the 2013 redesigned income questions, 2017 processing change, and 1987/1992 weighting changes; where a year appears twice the row on the newer basis is used.", "data": { "1959": 27.3, "1960": 26.9, "1961": 25.6, "1962": 25, "1963": 23.1, "1964": 23, "1965": 21, "1966": 17.6, "1967": 16.6, "1968": 15.6, "1969": 14, "1970": 15.1, "1971": 15.3, "1972": 15.1, "1973": 14.4, "1974": 15.4, "1975": 17.1, "1976": 16, "1977": 16.2, "1978": 15.9, "1979": 16.4, "1980": 18.3, "1981": 20, "1982": 21.9, "1983": 22.3, "1984": 21.5, "1985": 20.7, "1986": 20.5, "1987": 20.3, "1988": 19.5, "1989": 19.6, "1990": 20.6, "1991": 21.8, "1992": 22.3, "1993": 22.7, "1994": 21.8, "1995": 20.8, "1996": 20.5, "1997": 19.9, "1998": 18.9, "1999": 17.1, "2000": 16.2, "2001": 16.3, "2002": 16.7, "2003": 17.6, "2004": 17.8, "2005": 17.6, "2006": 17.4, "2007": 18, "2008": 19, "2009": 20.7, "2010": 22, "2011": 21.9, "2012": 21.8, "2013": 21.5, "2014": 21.1, "2015": 19.7, "2016": 18, "2017": 17.4, "2018": 16.2, "2019": 14.4, "2020": 16, "2021": 15.3, "2022": 15, "2023": 15.3, "2024": 14.3 } }, "snapShare": { "name": "On Food Stamps (SNAP)", "category": "Wealth & Inequality", "unit": "percent of US residents receiving SNAP, fiscal-year average", "coverage": { "first": 1969, "last": 2025, "points": 57 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "USDA Food and Nutrition Service, SNAP Annual Summary; population from BEA via FRED (POPTHM)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-annualsummary-7.xlsx", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POPTHM", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Average monthly SNAP (food stamp) participants in each federal fiscal year, divided by the calendar-year average resident population. Both numbers are published; the ratio is the only arithmetic. Participation rises in recessions and with eligibility expansions (2009 ARRA; pandemic emergency allotments 2020–2023).", "data": { "1969": 1.4, "1970": 2.1, "1971": 4.5, "1972": 5.3, "1973": 5.7, "1974": 6, "1975": 7.9, "1976": 8.5, "1977": 7.8, "1978": 7.2, "1979": 7.8, "1980": 9.3, "1981": 9.8, "1982": 9.4, "1983": 9.2, "1984": 8.8, "1985": 8.3, "1986": 8.1, "1987": 7.9, "1988": 7.6, "1989": 7.6, "1990": 8, "1991": 8.9, "1992": 9.9, "1993": 10.4, "1994": 10.4, "1995": 10, "1996": 9.5, "1997": 8.4, "1998": 7.2, "1999": 6.5, "2000": 6.1, "2001": 6.1, "2002": 6.6, "2003": 7.3, "2004": 8.1, "2005": 8.7, "2006": 8.9, "2007": 8.7, "2008": 9.3, "2009": 10.9, "2010": 13, "2011": 14.3, "2012": 14.8, "2013": 15, "2014": 14.6, "2015": 14.2, "2016": 13.6, "2017": 12.9, "2018": 12.4, "2019": 10.8, "2020": 12, "2021": 12.5, "2022": 12.3, "2023": 12.5, "2024": 12.3, "2025": 12.4 } }, "foodInsecurity": { "name": "Food Insecurity", "category": "Wealth & Inequality", "unit": "percent of households food insecure at some time during the year", "coverage": { "first": 2001, "last": 2024, "points": 24 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "USDA Economic Research Service, Household Food Security in the United States", "sourceUrl": "https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-u-s/key-statistics-graphics", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/6990/trends.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Households with low or very low food security, from the December CPS Food Security Supplement. ERS's comparable series starts in 2001 (1995–2000 used a different screening procedure). ERS announced the cancellation of the 2025 report; the series may end at 2024.", "data": { "2001": 10.7, "2002": 11.1, "2003": 11.2, "2004": 11.9, "2005": 11, "2006": 10.9, "2007": 11.1, "2008": 14.6, "2009": 14.7, "2010": 14.5, "2011": 14.9, "2012": 14.5, "2013": 14.3, "2014": 14, "2015": 12.7, "2016": 12.3, "2017": 11.8, "2018": 11.1, "2019": 10.5, "2020": 10.5, "2021": 10.2, "2022": 12.8, "2023": 13.5, "2024": 13.7 } }, "attainment": { "name": "College Attainment", "category": "Education", "unit": "percent of adults 25 and over", "coverage": { "first": 1940, "last": 2024, "points": 68 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Census Bureau, CPS Historical Table A-2", "sourceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/educational-attainment/cps-historical-time-series.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Share of people 25 and over who have completed four or more years of college. The question changed in 1992 from years completed to degree received, so figures before and after that seam are close but not identical in definition.", "data": { "1940": 4.6, "1947": 5.4, "1950": 6.2, "1952": 7, "1957": 7.6, "1959": 8.1, "1962": 8.9, "1964": 9.1, "1965": 9.4, "1966": 9.8, "1967": 10.1, "1968": 10.5, "1969": 10.7, "1970": 11, "1971": 11.4, "1972": 12, "1973": 12.6, "1974": 13.3, "1975": 13.9, "1976": 14.7, "1977": 15.4, "1978": 15.7, "1979": 16.4, "1980": 17, "1981": 17.1, "1982": 17.7, "1983": 18.8, "1984": 19.1, "1985": 19.4, "1986": 19.4, "1987": 19.9, "1988": 20.3, "1989": 21.1, "1990": 21.3, "1991": 21.4, "1992": 21.4, "1993": 21.9, "1994": 22.2, "1995": 23, "1996": 23.6, "1997": 23.9, "1998": 24.4, "1999": 25.2, "2000": 25.6, "2001": 26.2, "2002": 26.7, "2003": 27.2, "2004": 27.7, "2005": 27.7, "2006": 28, "2007": 28.7, "2008": 29.4, "2009": 29.5, "2010": 29.9, "2011": 30.4, "2012": 30.9, "2013": 31.7, "2014": 32, "2015": 32.5, "2016": 33.4, "2017": 34.2, "2018": 35, "2019": 36, "2020": 37.5, "2021": 37.9, "2022": 37.7, "2023": 38.3, "2024": 38.7 } }, "tuition": { "name": "College Tuition", "category": "Education", "unit": "CPI index, 1982-84 = 100", "coverage": { "first": 1978, "last": 2026, "points": 49 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "FRED CUSR0000SEEB", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CUSR0000SEEB", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BLS CPI-U tuition, other school fees and childcare. Shown as the published index; the row's change is the cumulative rise over the window.", "data": { "1978": 59.8, "1979": 64.7, "1980": 71.2, "1981": 79.9, "1982": 90.5, "1983": 99.7, "1984": 109.8, "1985": 119.7, "1986": 129.6, "1987": 140, "1988": 151, "1989": 162.7, "1990": 175.7, "1991": 191.3, "1992": 208.5, "1993": 225.3, "1994": 239.8, "1995": 253.8, "1996": 267.1, "1997": 280.4, "1998": 294.3, "1999": 308.4, "2000": 323.9, "2001": 341, "2002": 362, "2003": 386.6, "2004": 414.3, "2005": 440.8, "2006": 468, "2007": 494.1, "2008": 522.1, "2009": 549, "2010": 573.2, "2011": 597.2, "2012": 621, "2013": 643.7, "2014": 664.8, "2015": 688.8, "2016": 708.1, "2017": 724.7, "2018": 741.3, "2019": 762.8, "2020": 777.7, "2021": 788.7, "2022": 810, "2023": 836.5, "2024": 863.2, "2025": 891.1, "2026": 910.8 } }, "lttReading13": { "name": "Reading Score, Age 13 (NAEP LTT)", "category": "Education", "unit": "average long-term-trend reading scale score, age 13 (0–500)", "coverage": { "first": 1971, "last": 2023, "points": 15 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCES, National Assessment of Educational Progress", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/Dataservice/GetAdhocData.aspx?type=data&Program=LTT&subject=RED&cohort=2&subscale=RRPSCT&variable=TOTAL&jurisdiction=NT&stattype=MN:MN&Year=1971R1,1975R1,1980R1,1984R1,1988R1,1990R1,1992R1,1994R1,1996R1,1999R1,2004R3,2008R3,2012R3,2020R3,2023R3", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NAEP Long-Term Trend reading, age 13, from the same 1971-anchored instrument as the age-9 series (same R1→R3 format seam at 2004). The 2023 score (255.7) is back at the 1971 level after a 2012 peak. Age 17 was last assessed in 2012 and is not carried here. The 0–500-scale NAEP Long-Term Trend and 0–300-scale main assessments are NCES's national probability samples; values are national public+private averages for all students.", "data": { "1971": 255.2, "1975": 255.9, "1980": 258.5, "1984": 257.1, "1988": 257.5, "1990": 256.8, "1992": 259.8, "1994": 257.9, "1996": 257.9, "1999": 259.4, "2004": 256.7, "2008": 259.7, "2012": 262.8, "2020": 260.1, "2023": 255.7 } }, "lttReading9": { "name": "Reading Score, Age 9 (NAEP LTT)", "category": "Education", "unit": "average long-term-trend reading scale score, age 9 (0–500)", "coverage": { "first": 1971, "last": 2022, "points": 15 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCES, National Assessment of Educational Progress", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/Dataservice/GetAdhocData.aspx?type=data&Program=LTT&subject=RED&cohort=1&subscale=RRPSCT&variable=TOTAL&jurisdiction=NT&stattype=MN:MN&Year=1971R1,1975R1,1980R1,1984R1,1988R1,1990R1,1992R1,1994R1,1996R1,1999R1,2004R3,2008R3,2012R3,2020R3,2022R3", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NAEP Long-Term Trend reading, age 9 — the same instrument design maintained since 1971 expressly to measure trend. Through 1999 the original format (R1 sample); from 2004 the revised format with accommodations (R3), NCES's bridge study linking the two — the one seam. The 2020→2022 drop (219.7→214.6) is the largest on record. The 0–500-scale NAEP Long-Term Trend and 0–300-scale main assessments are NCES's national probability samples; values are national public+private averages for all students.", "data": { "1971": 207.6, "1975": 210, "1980": 215, "1984": 210.9, "1988": 211.8, "1990": 209.2, "1992": 210.5, "1994": 211, "1996": 212.5, "1999": 211.7, "2004": 215.7, "2008": 220.1, "2012": 220.8, "2020": 219.7, "2022": 214.6 } }, "lttMath13": { "name": "Math Score, Age 13 (NAEP LTT)", "category": "Education", "unit": "average long-term-trend mathematics scale score, age 13 (0–500)", "coverage": { "first": 1978, "last": 2023, "points": 13 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCES, National Assessment of Educational Progress", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/Dataservice/GetAdhocData.aspx?type=data&Program=LTT&subject=MAT&cohort=2&subscale=MRPSCT&variable=TOTAL&jurisdiction=NT&stattype=MN:MN&Year=1978R1,1982R1,1986R1,1990R1,1992R1,1994R1,1996R1,1999R1,2004R3,2008R3,2012R3,2020R3,2023R3", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NAEP Long-Term Trend mathematics, age 13, from the 1978-anchored instrument (1973 is extrapolated and not API-served; same 2004 format seam). 2023 (270.7) is the lowest since the 1990s after the 285 peak of 2012. The 0–500-scale NAEP Long-Term Trend and 0–300-scale main assessments are NCES's national probability samples; values are national public+private averages for all students.", "data": { "1978": 264.1, "1982": 268.6, "1986": 269, "1990": 270.4, "1992": 273.1, "1994": 274.3, "1996": 274.3, "1999": 275.8, "2004": 278.8, "2008": 281.5, "2012": 285, "2020": 279.7, "2023": 270.7 } }, "lttMath9": { "name": "Math Score, Age 9 (NAEP LTT)", "category": "Education", "unit": "average long-term-trend mathematics scale score, age 9 (0–500)", "coverage": { "first": 1978, "last": 2022, "points": 13 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCES, National Assessment of Educational Progress", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/Dataservice/GetAdhocData.aspx?type=data&Program=LTT&subject=MAT&cohort=1&subscale=MRPSCT&variable=TOTAL&jurisdiction=NT&stattype=MN:MN&Year=1978R1,1982R1,1986R1,1990R1,1992R1,1994R1,1996R1,1999R1,2004R3,2008R3,2012R3,2020R3,2022R3", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NAEP Long-Term Trend mathematics, age 9. The API-served series begins 1978 (NCES reports 1973 as an extrapolated point, not served). Same R1→R3 format seam at 2004 as the reading series. The 2020→2022 drop (241.4→233.9) erased two decades of gains. The 0–500-scale NAEP Long-Term Trend and 0–300-scale main assessments are NCES's national probability samples; values are national public+private averages for all students.", "data": { "1978": 218.6, "1982": 219, "1986": 221.7, "1990": 229.6, "1992": 229.6, "1994": 231.1, "1996": 231, "1999": 232, "2004": 239.4, "2008": 242.9, "2012": 244, "2020": 241.4, "2022": 233.9 } }, "naepScience": { "name": "Science Knowledge (NAEP)", "category": "Education", "unit": "grade-8 average science scale score (0–300)", "coverage": { "first": 2009, "last": 2024, "points": 5 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCES, National Assessment of Educational Progress", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/Dataservice/GetAdhocData.aspx?type=data&subject=science&grade=8&subscale=SRPUV&variable=TOTAL&jurisdiction=NT&stattype=MN:MN&Year=2009,2011,2015,2019,2024", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NAEP Science, grade 8, average scale score on the 2009 framework (earlier science assessments used a different framework and are not comparable). Scores rose through 2015, held in 2019, and fell back to the 2009 baseline by 2024. The 0–500-scale NAEP Long-Term Trend and 0–300-scale main assessments are NCES's national probability samples; values are national public+private averages for all students.", "data": { "2009": 150, "2011": 151.7, "2015": 153.9, "2019": 153.8, "2024": 149.9 } }, "naepCivics": { "name": "Civics Knowledge (NAEP)", "category": "Education", "unit": "grade-8 average civics scale score (0–300)", "coverage": { "first": 1998, "last": 2022, "points": 6 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCES, National Assessment of Educational Progress", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/Dataservice/GetAdhocData.aspx?type=data&subject=civics&grade=8&subscale=CIVRP&variable=TOTAL&jurisdiction=NT&stattype=MN:MN&Year=1998,2006,2010,2014,2018,2022", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NAEP Civics, grade 8, average scale score. Assessed 1998, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022 (an irregular ~4–8-year cadence, drawn as a connected trend the way NCES charts it). The 2026 assessment was administered; results are expected summer 2027. Grades 4 and 12 were also assessed through 2010; grade 8 carries the trend. The 0–500-scale NAEP Long-Term Trend and 0–300-scale main assessments are NCES's national probability samples; values are national public+private averages for all students.", "data": { "1998": 150, "2006": 150, "2010": 151.3, "2014": 153.6, "2018": 152.7, "2022": 150.2 } }, "naepHistory": { "name": "U.S. History Knowledge (NAEP)", "category": "Education", "unit": "grade-8 average U.S. history scale score (0–500)", "coverage": { "first": 1994, "last": 2022, "points": 7 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCES, National Assessment of Educational Progress", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/Dataservice/GetAdhocData.aspx?type=data&subject=history&grade=8&subscale=HRPCM&variable=TOTAL&jurisdiction=NT&stattype=MN:MN&Year=1994R2,2001,2006,2010,2014,2018,2022", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NAEP U.S. History, grade 8, average scale score. 1994 is the accommodations-not-permitted sample (NCES footnotes it on the same trend line — the one comparability break). Scores rose to a 2014 peak (267.5) then fell below the 1994 level by 2022. Next assessment 2030 per the NAGB schedule. The 0–500-scale NAEP Long-Term Trend and 0–300-scale main assessments are NCES's national probability samples; values are national public+private averages for all students.", "data": { "1994": 259.3, "2001": 260.2, "2006": 263, "2010": 265.7, "2014": 267.5, "2018": 263, "2022": 258.4 } }, "naepGeography": { "name": "Geography Knowledge (NAEP)", "category": "Education", "unit": "grade-8 average geography scale score (0–500)", "coverage": { "first": 1994, "last": 2018, "points": 5 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NCES, National Assessment of Educational Progress", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/Dataservice/GetAdhocData.aspx?type=data&subject=geography&grade=8&subscale=GRPCM&variable=TOTAL&jurisdiction=NT&stattype=MN:MN&Year=1994R2,2001,2010,2014,2018", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NAEP Geography, grade 8, average scale score. DISCONTINUED: NAGB removed geography from the assessment schedule in July 2019, so 2018 is the final point — the only long-run national measure of American students' geographic knowledge ends there. 1994 is the accommodations-not-permitted sample, footnoted by NCES on the same trend. The 0–500-scale NAEP Long-Term Trend and 0–300-scale main assessments are NCES's national probability samples; values are national public+private averages for all students.", "data": { "1994": 259.7, "2001": 260.2, "2010": 261.2, "2014": 261.5, "2018": 258.4 } }, "appcBranchesWeb": { "name": "Can Name All Three Branches of Government", "category": "Education", "unit": "percent of adults naming all three branches (online panel)", "coverage": { "first": 2022, "last": 2025, "points": 4 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Annenberg Public Policy Center, Constitution Day Civics Survey", "sourceUrl": "https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/political-communication/civics-knowledge-survey/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/APPC_Con_Day_Topline_2023_final.pdf", "https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/Constitution_Day_Topline_2025.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"Would you mind naming any of them, the three branches of government?\" — percent of all respondents naming executive, legislative, and judicial, from APPC's annual Constitution Day survey (SSRS Opinion Panel, self-administered online, fielded each August–September). The survey moved from telephone to this online panel: APPC's own 2022 parallel run measured 72% online against 47% by phone (~25-point mode effect) and says the online years \"will not be presented as part of a historical trend\" with the phone years — so the phone era is a separate line (appcBranchesPhone) and the two are never joined. The 2022 value here is that parallel online reading.", "data": { "2022": 72, "2023": 66, "2024": 65, "2025": 70 } }, "appcBranchesPhone": { "name": "Can Name All Three Branches (phone era)", "category": "Education", "unit": "percent of adults naming all three branches (telephone survey)", "coverage": { "first": 2006, "last": 2022, "points": 12 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Annenberg Public Policy Center, Constitution Day Civics Survey", "sourceUrl": "https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/political-communication/civics-knowledge-survey/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/Appendix_APPC_Civics_Sept_2022a.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Same question as appcBranchesWeb, asked by telephone (RDD/CATI, ~1,000–1,400 adults) from 2006 through 2022. The series ends in 2022 when APPC moved to its online panel; APPC's 2022 parallel run (47% phone vs 72% online) measured a ~25-point mode effect, which is why the eras are separate series. Not asked 2007–2010 or 2012.", "data": { "2006": 33, "2011": 38, "2013": 38, "2014": 36, "2015": 31, "2016": 26, "2017": 26, "2018": 32, "2019": 39, "2020": 51, "2021": 56, "2022": 47 } }, "wordsum": { "name": "Vocabulary Test Score", "category": "Education", "unit": "mean correct answers on the GSS 10-word vocabulary test", "coverage": { "first": 1974, "last": 2024, "points": 25 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "WORDSUM: a ten-item multiple-choice vocabulary test administered in the GSS since 1974 with unchanged words — the longest-running repeated knowledge measure of US adults. Value is the weighted mean number correct (0–10). NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. The 2022/2024 upticks sit on that mode seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1974": 5.94, "1976": 5.99, "1978": 5.95, "1982": 5.96, "1984": 6.03, "1987": 5.89, "1988": 5.8, "1989": 5.73, "1990": 5.99, "1991": 5.92, "1993": 5.84, "1994": 6, "1996": 5.92, "1998": 6.01, "2000": 5.86, "2004": 5.99, "2006": 6.12, "2008": 5.89, "2010": 5.93, "2012": 5.92, "2014": 5.94, "2016": 6.02, "2018": 5.82, "2022": 6.22, "2024": 6.33 } }, "readingTime": { "name": "Time Spent Reading", "category": "Education", "unit": "minutes per day reading for personal interest, all people 15+", "coverage": { "first": 2003, "last": 2025, "points": 22 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BLS American Time Use Survey (series TUU10101AA01006315)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/tus/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v2/timeseries/data/TUU10101AA01006315", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "BLS American Time Use Survey time-diary activity \"reading for personal interest,\" civilians aged 15 and older, all days of the week. Diary coding, not a survey question, so there is no wording drift. 2020 was not published (COVID cut data collection) and is a real one-year hole. BLS publishes hours per day; stored here as minutes (×60, exact). Averaged over everyone — readers and non-readers alike (readers themselves average ~1.7 hours).", "data": { "2003": 21.6, "2004": 22.8, "2005": 22.8, "2006": 21.6, "2007": 21, "2008": 20.4, "2009": 20.4, "2010": 18, "2011": 18, "2012": 19.8, "2013": 19.2, "2014": 19.2, "2015": 19.2, "2016": 17.4, "2017": 16.8, "2018": 15.6, "2019": 16.2, "2021": 16.8, "2022": 15.6, "2023": 15.6, "2024": 16.8, "2025": 16.2 } }, "readingParticipation": { "name": "Read on an Average Day", "category": "Education", "unit": "percent of people 15+ who read for personal interest on an average day", "coverage": { "first": 2003, "last": 2025, "points": 22 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BLS American Time Use Survey (series TUU30105AA01006315)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.bls.gov/tus/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v2/timeseries/data/TUU30105AA01006315", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "BLS American Time Use Survey time-diary activity \"reading for personal interest,\" civilians aged 15 and older, all days of the week. Diary coding, not a survey question, so there is no wording drift. 2020 was not published (COVID cut data collection) and is a real one-year hole. The share of the population that read at all on a given day — down from about a quarter in 2003 to about a sixth today.", "data": { "2003": 26.3, "2004": 27.7, "2005": 27, "2006": 26.4, "2007": 24.9, "2008": 23.9, "2009": 24.2, "2010": 21.1, "2011": 20, "2012": 20.7, "2013": 20.5, "2014": 21.3, "2015": 21.1, "2016": 19.5, "2017": 18.7, "2018": 17.5, "2019": 18, "2021": 17.9, "2022": 16.7, "2023": 16.2, "2024": 16.1, "2025": 16.1 } }, "readAnyBook": { "name": "Read Any Book Last Year", "category": "Education", "unit": "percent of adults who read any book not required for work or school, past 12 months", "coverage": { "first": 2002, "last": 2022, "points": 5 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "National Endowment for the Arts, Survey of Public Participation in the Arts (with the Census Bureau)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.arts.gov/impact/research/arts-data-profile-series/adp-36", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/SPPA_Comprehensive_Report_FINAL.pdf", "https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/US_Patterns_of_Arts_ParticipationRevised.pdf", "https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/2012-sppa-feb2015.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"Read any book\" excluding books required for work or school, adults 18+, from the SPPA — a Census Bureau CPS supplement fielded roughly every five years. NEA's own comparable trend runs 2002–2022 (the survey exists back to 1982, but NEA does not trend book reading across the older instruments, and the 2012 redesign is bridged by NEA's comparable variables). 2017 is the value implied by NEA's published 4.2-point 2017→2022 decline (48.5 + 4.2 = 52.7), consistent with the 2017 report's printed \"53 percent.\" Next wave ~2027.", "data": { "2002": 56.6, "2008": 54.3, "2012": 54.6, "2017": 52.7, "2022": 48.5 } }, "booksPerYear": { "name": "Books Read per Year", "category": "Education", "unit": "mean books read, all or part of the way through, past year", "coverage": { "first": 1990, "last": 2021, "points": 7 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/388541/americans-reading-fewer-books-past.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"How many books did you read, either all or part of the way through, in the past year?\" — interviewers count printed books, e-books, and audiobooks. Gallup's trend, asked seven times between 1990 and 2021 (an irregular cadence, shown honestly). LAST ASKED December 2021: the series is dormant until Gallup re-asks. The 2021 reading (12.6) was the lowest Gallup had measured, driven by fewer heavy readers (27% read 10+ books, down 8 points from 2016).", "data": { "1990": 15.3, "1999": 18.5, "2001": 14.5, "2002": 15.8, "2005": 14.2, "2016": 15.6, "2021": 12.6 } }, "pewReadBook": { "name": "Read a Book Last Year (any format)", "category": "Education", "unit": "percent of adults who read a book, in whole or in part, in any format, past 12 months", "coverage": { "first": 2011, "last": 2025, "points": 9 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Pew Research Center", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2026/04/09/americans-still-opt-for-print-books-over-digital-or-audio-versions-few-are-in-book-clubs/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2026/04/S_26.04.09_books_topline.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"In the past 12 months, about how many books did you read either all or part of the way through?\" (print, electronic, or audiobooks) — percent reading at least one. 2011–2021 by live telephone; October 2025 on Pew's American Trends Panel (web). Pew charts the mode change with a dashed segment and notes minor wording adjustment in 2025; the level was unchanged across it (75% in 2021, 75% in 2025). 2012 was asked twice (Jan 75, Oct 74); the annual value is their mean — the only arithmetic here.", "data": { "2011": 78, "2012": 74.5, "2014": 76, "2015": 72, "2016": 73, "2018": 74, "2019": 72, "2021": 75, "2025": 75 } }, "lifeExpectancy": { "name": "Life Expectancy at Birth", "category": "Health", "unit": "years at birth, both sexes", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2024, "points": 55 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-12.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "1970-1999 annual from US Life Tables 2021 (NVSR 72-12) Table 19; CDC/NCHS. 2000-2018 from Health, United States 2019 Table 4 (curated revised trend; the Socrata dataset is defective at 2003-2004 and was corrected against Table 4); 2011 from NVSR 63-3; 2019-2024 from Data Briefs 395/456/548. 2024 final = 79.0. Table 19 independently confirms 2000-2003 including the 77.2 correction.", "data": { "1970": 70.8, "1971": 71.1, "1972": 71.2, "1973": 71.4, "1974": 72, "1975": 72.6, "1976": 72.9, "1977": 73.3, "1978": 73.5, "1979": 73.9, "1980": 73.7, "1981": 74.1, "1982": 74.5, "1983": 74.6, "1984": 74.7, "1985": 74.7, "1986": 74.7, "1987": 74.9, "1988": 74.9, "1989": 75.1, "1990": 75.4, "1991": 75.5, "1992": 75.8, "1993": 75.5, "1994": 75.7, "1995": 75.8, "1996": 76.1, "1997": 76.5, "1998": 76.7, "1999": 76.7, "2000": 76.8, "2001": 77, "2002": 77, "2003": 77.2, "2004": 77.6, "2005": 77.6, "2006": 77.8, "2007": 78.1, "2008": 78.2, "2009": 78.5, "2010": 78.7, "2011": 78.7, "2012": 78.8, "2013": 78.8, "2014": 78.9, "2015": 78.7, "2016": 78.7, "2017": 78.6, "2018": 78.7, "2019": 78.8, "2020": 77, "2021": 76.4, "2022": 77.5, "2023": 78.4, "2024": 79 } }, "infantMortality": { "name": "Infant Mortality", "category": "Health", "unit": "infant deaths per 1,000 live births", "coverage": { "first": 1915, "last": 2024, "points": 110 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics System (via data.cdc.gov)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/epev-k6ss", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://data.cdc.gov/d/nfuu-hu6j", "https://data.cdc.gov/d/j7ym-uwqy", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Deaths under age one per 1,000 live births, final data. Spliced from three NCHS publications on data.cdc.gov: the historical table (1915–2013), Health, United States infant mortality by maternal characteristics (2014–2016), and the Data Query System series (2017 onward); overlapping years agree. 1915–1932 cover the death-registration states only, not the whole country.", "data": { "1915": 99.9, "1916": 101, "1917": 93.8, "1918": 100.9, "1919": 86.6, "1920": 85.8, "1921": 75.6, "1922": 76.2, "1923": 77.1, "1924": 70.8, "1925": 71.7, "1926": 73.3, "1927": 64.6, "1928": 68.7, "1929": 67.6, "1930": 64.6, "1931": 61.6, "1932": 57.6, "1933": 58.1, "1934": 60.1, "1935": 55.7, "1936": 57.1, "1937": 54.4, "1938": 51, "1939": 48, "1940": 47, "1941": 45.3, "1942": 40.4, "1943": 40.4, "1944": 39.8, "1945": 38.3, "1946": 33.8, "1947": 32.2, "1948": 32, "1949": 31.3, "1950": 29.2, "1951": 28.4, "1952": 28.4, "1953": 27.8, "1954": 26.6, "1955": 26.4, "1956": 26, "1957": 26.3, "1958": 27.1, "1959": 26.4, "1960": 26, "1961": 25.3, "1962": 25.3, "1963": 25.2, "1964": 24.8, "1965": 24.7, "1966": 23.7, "1967": 22.4, "1968": 21.8, "1969": 20.9, "1970": 20, "1971": 19.1, "1972": 18.5, "1973": 17.7, "1974": 16.7, "1975": 16.1, "1976": 15.2, "1977": 14.1, "1978": 13.8, "1979": 13.1, "1980": 12.6, "1981": 11.9, "1982": 11.5, "1983": 11.2, "1984": 10.8, "1985": 10.6, "1986": 10.4, "1987": 10.1, "1988": 10, "1989": 9.8, "1990": 9.2, "1991": 8.9, "1992": 8.5, "1993": 8.4, "1994": 8, "1995": 7.6, "1996": 7.3, "1997": 7.2, "1998": 7.2, "1999": 7.1, "2000": 6.9, "2001": 6.8, "2002": 7, "2003": 6.85, "2004": 6.79, "2005": 6.87, "2006": 6.69, "2007": 6.77, "2008": 6.61, "2009": 6.39, "2010": 6.15, "2011": 6.07, "2012": 5.98, "2013": 5.96, "2014": 5.8, "2015": 5.9, "2016": 5.9, "2017": 5.8, "2018": 5.7, "2019": 5.6, "2020": 5.4, "2021": 5.4, "2022": 5.6, "2023": 5.6, "2024": 5.5 } }, "uninsured": { "name": "Uninsured Rate", "category": "Health", "unit": "percent of the civilian noninstitutionalized population without health insurance", "coverage": { "first": 2008, "last": 2024, "points": 16 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Census Bureau, American Community Survey (Table HIC-4_ACS)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/health-insurance/historical-series/hic.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/health-insurance/time-series/acs/hic04_acs.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "People with no health insurance coverage at the time of the survey, all ages, from the 1-year ACS. The ACS health-insurance question began in 2008; 2020 has no standard estimate (Census released experimental data only for the pandemic year) and is left blank. The CPS series reaches back to 1987 but was redesigned in 2013 and is not spliced in.", "data": { "2008": 14.6, "2009": 15.1, "2010": 15.5, "2011": 15.1, "2012": 14.8, "2013": 14.5, "2014": 11.7, "2015": 9.4, "2016": 8.6, "2017": 8.7, "2018": 8.9, "2019": 9.2, "2021": 8.6, "2022": 8, "2023": 7.9, "2024": 8.2 } }, "rxCostBarrier": { "name": "Couldn't Afford Prescriptions", "category": "Health", "unit": "percent of people who did not get needed prescription drugs in the past 12 months because of cost", "coverage": { "first": 1997, "last": 2019, "points": 23 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS Health, United States (National Health Interview Survey), via Data Query System", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/p4r5-qsgs", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://data.cdc.gov/d/dmzy-x2ad", "https://data.cdc.gov/d/gj3i-hsbz", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "NHIS, all ages, crude percent, as published in Health, United States. The series ENDS AT 2019: the NHIS questionnaire was redesigned that year and NCHS has not carried this item forward on the new basis. The closest replacement item, asked of adults 18+ since 2019 (\"did not take medication as prescribed to save money\"), runs 2019 9.6%, 2020 8.3%, 2021 6.8%, 2022 6.8%, 2023 7.8%, 2024 7.8% — a different question, shown here in the note rather than spliced onto the chart.", "data": { "1997": 4.8, "1998": 4.2, "1999": 4.4, "2000": 5.1, "2001": 5.6, "2002": 6, "2003": 6.3, "2004": 7.1, "2005": 7.2, "2006": 7, "2007": 7.2, "2008": 8, "2009": 8.4, "2010": 8.3, "2011": 7.7, "2012": 6.8, "2013": 6.4, "2014": 5.6, "2015": 5.2, "2016": 5.1, "2017": 5.1, "2018": 5.3, "2019": 5.6 } }, "healthSpending": { "name": "Health Spending", "category": "Health", "unit": "percent of GDP", "coverage": { "first": 1960, "last": 2024, "points": 29 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CMS National Health Expenditure Accounts, via CDC/NCHS Data Query System", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/s57w-7gbe", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Total US national health expenditures as a share of gross domestic product — public and private spending combined.", "data": { "1960": 5, "1970": 6.9, "1980": 8.9, "1990": 12.1, "2000": 13.3, "2001": 14, "2002": 14.9, "2003": 15.4, "2004": 15.5, "2005": 15.5, "2006": 15.7, "2007": 15.9, "2008": 16.3, "2009": 17.2, "2010": 17.2, "2011": 17.2, "2012": 17.1, "2013": 16.9, "2014": 17.1, "2015": 17.4, "2016": 17.7, "2017": 17.7, "2018": 17.6, "2019": 17.7, "2020": 19.7, "2021": 18.4, "2022": 17.6, "2023": 17.7, "2024": 18 } }, "suicide": { "name": "Suicide Rate", "category": "Health", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000", "coverage": { "first": 2000, "last": 2024, "points": 25 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS, age-adjusted", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db433-tables.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "CDC/NCHS NVSS mortality files (ICD-10 U03, X60-X84, Y87.0), age-adjusted to the 2000 standard population. 2000-2001 from Data Brief 433, 2002-2022 from Data Brief 509, 2023 from Data Brief 541; all overlapping years identical across briefs. 2023 latest final. 2024 final (13.7) from Data Brief 548.", "data": { "2000": 10.4, "2001": 10.7, "2002": 10.9, "2003": 10.8, "2004": 11, "2005": 10.9, "2006": 11, "2007": 11.3, "2008": 11.6, "2009": 11.8, "2010": 12.1, "2011": 12.3, "2012": 12.6, "2013": 12.6, "2014": 13, "2015": 13.3, "2016": 13.5, "2017": 14, "2018": 14.2, "2019": 13.9, "2020": 13.5, "2021": 14.1, "2022": 14.2, "2023": 14.1, "2024": 13.7 } }, "suicide15to24": { "name": "Suicide Rate, Ages 15–24", "category": "Health", "unit": "deaths per 100,000 people in the age group (crude)", "coverage": { "first": 1950, "last": 2024, "points": 48 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics System (Health, United States + Data Query System)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/w26f-tf3h", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://data.cdc.gov/d/9j2v-jamp", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Suicide deaths (ICD-10 U03, X60–X84, Y87.0; ICD-8/9 equivalents before 1999) per 100,000 resident population aged 15-24, crude rate. 1950–2018 from the Health, United States 2019 table (1950/1960/1970 then annual from 1980), 2018 onward from the NCHS Data Query System table built from CDC WONDER; the 2018 overlap agrees. The all-ages, age-adjusted series is a separate row.", "data": { "1950": 4.5, "1960": 5.2, "1970": 8.8, "1980": 12.3, "1981": 12.2, "1982": 12.1, "1983": 11.8, "1984": 12.4, "1985": 12.8, "1986": 12.9, "1987": 12.7, "1988": 12.9, "1989": 13, "1990": 13.2, "1991": 13, "1992": 12.9, "1993": 13.3, "1994": 13.6, "1995": 13, "1996": 11.8, "1997": 11.2, "1998": 10.9, "1999": 10.1, "2000": 10.2, "2001": 9.9, "2002": 9.8, "2003": 9.6, "2004": 10.3, "2005": 9.9, "2006": 9.8, "2007": 9.6, "2008": 9.9, "2009": 10, "2010": 10.5, "2011": 11, "2012": 11.1, "2013": 11.1, "2014": 11.6, "2015": 12.5, "2016": 13.2, "2017": 14.5, "2018": 14.5, "2019": 13.9, "2020": 14.2, "2021": 15.2, "2022": 13.6, "2023": 13.5, "2024": 13.2 } }, "suicide45to64": { "name": "Suicide Rate, Ages 45–64", "category": "Health", "unit": "deaths per 100,000 people in the age group (crude)", "coverage": { "first": 1950, "last": 2024, "points": 48 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics System (Health, United States + Data Query System)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/w26f-tf3h", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://data.cdc.gov/d/9j2v-jamp", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Suicide deaths (ICD-10 U03, X60–X84, Y87.0; ICD-8/9 equivalents before 1999) per 100,000 resident population aged 45-64, crude rate. 1950–2018 from the Health, United States 2019 table (1950/1960/1970 then annual from 1980), 2018 onward from the NCHS Data Query System table built from CDC WONDER; the 2018 overlap agrees. The all-ages, age-adjusted series is a separate row.", "data": { "1950": 23.5, "1960": 22, "1970": 20.6, "1980": 15.9, "1981": 16.2, "1982": 16.8, "1983": 16.4, "1984": 16.8, "1985": 16.3, "1986": 16.8, "1987": 16.4, "1988": 15.3, "1989": 15.2, "1990": 15.3, "1991": 15.4, "1992": 14.7, "1993": 14.5, "1994": 13.9, "1995": 13.9, "1996": 14.3, "1997": 14, "1998": 13.9, "1999": 13.2, "2000": 13.5, "2001": 14.4, "2002": 14.9, "2003": 15, "2004": 15.4, "2005": 15.3, "2006": 16, "2007": 16.7, "2008": 17.5, "2009": 17.9, "2010": 18.6, "2011": 18.6, "2012": 19.1, "2013": 19, "2014": 19.5, "2015": 19.6, "2016": 19.2, "2017": 19.6, "2018": 20.1, "2019": 19.5, "2020": 17.4, "2021": 17.6, "2022": 19, "2023": 18.8, "2024": 18.7 } }, "overdose": { "name": "Drug Overdose Deaths", "category": "Health", "unit": "age-adjusted deaths per 100,000", "coverage": { "first": 2000, "last": 2024, "points": 25 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS, age-adjusted", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db428-tables.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "CDC/NCHS NVSS mortality files (ICD-10 X40-X44, X60-X64, X85, Y10-Y14), age-adjusted. 2000-2002 from Data Brief 428, 2003-2023 from Data Brief 522; the 2003-2020 overlap is identical across briefs. 2023 latest final. 2024 final (23.1) from Data Brief 549 — a 26% single-year drop.", "data": { "2000": 6.2, "2001": 6.8, "2002": 8.2, "2003": 8.9, "2004": 9.4, "2005": 10.1, "2006": 11.5, "2007": 11.9, "2008": 11.9, "2009": 11.9, "2010": 12.3, "2011": 13.2, "2012": 13.1, "2013": 13.8, "2014": 14.7, "2015": 16.3, "2016": 19.8, "2017": 21.7, "2018": 20.7, "2019": 21.6, "2020": 28.3, "2021": 32.4, "2022": 32.6, "2023": 31.3, "2024": 23.1 } }, "firearmDeaths": { "name": "Firearm Deaths", "category": "Health", "unit": "firearm-related deaths per 100,000 people (crude), all intents", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2025, "points": 45 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS Health, United States 2017 Table 31; CDC Injury Center firearm mortality (NVSS)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/t6u2-f84c", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus17tables/Table031.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Deaths from firearm injuries of all intents (homicide, suicide, unintentional, legal intervention, undetermined) per 100,000 residents, crude rate, from NVSS death certificates. 1970 and 1980–2016 from Health, United States 2017 Table 31 ('All ages, crude'); 2019 onward from the CDC Injury Center's national firearm-mortality series (also crude). NCHS dropped the table after the 2017 edition and no public machine path carries 2017–2018, so those two years are a gap, shown as a gap. The latest year is provisional until NCHS finalizes it.", "data": { "1970": 13.1, "1980": 14.9, "1981": 14.8, "1982": 14.2, "1983": 13.3, "1984": 13.3, "1985": 13.3, "1986": 13.9, "1987": 13.6, "1988": 13.9, "1989": 14.1, "1990": 14.9, "1991": 15.1, "1992": 14.7, "1993": 15.2, "1994": 14.6, "1995": 13.5, "1996": 12.6, "1997": 11.9, "1998": 11.1, "1999": 10.3, "2000": 10.2, "2001": 10.4, "2002": 10.5, "2003": 10.4, "2004": 10.1, "2005": 10.4, "2006": 10.4, "2007": 10.4, "2008": 10.4, "2009": 10.2, "2010": 10.3, "2011": 10.4, "2012": 10.7, "2013": 10.6, "2014": 10.5, "2015": 11.3, "2016": 12, "2019": 12.1, "2020": 13.6, "2021": 14.7, "2022": 14.5, "2023": 14, "2024": 13.3, "2025": 12.6 } }, "trafficDeaths": { "name": "Traffic Deaths per 100M Miles", "category": "Health", "unit": "motor-vehicle traffic deaths per 100 million vehicle miles traveled", "coverage": { "first": 1921, "last": 2024, "points": 104 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) / FHWA vehicle miles", "sourceUrl": "https://cdan.dot.gov/tsftables/tsfar.htm", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://cdan.dot.gov/tsftables/Fatalities%20and%20Fatality%20Rates.xlsx", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Deaths within 30 days of a crash per 100 million vehicle miles. FARS since 1975; earlier years are NHTSA-adjusted historical summaries. The latest year is NHTSA's Annual Report File and can be revised.", "data": { "1921": 24.08, "1922": 21.95, "1923": 21.02, "1924": 17.55, "1925": 16.98, "1926": 15.77, "1927": 15.44, "1928": 15.36, "1929": 14.97, "1930": 15.12, "1931": 14.79, "1932": 13.95, "1933": 14.83, "1934": 15.88, "1935": 15.09, "1936": 14.33, "1937": 14, "1938": 11.46, "1939": 10.83, "1940": 10.89, "1941": 11.43, "1942": 10.07, "1943": 10.92, "1944": 10.89, "1945": 10.71, "1946": 9.35, "1947": 8.41, "1948": 7.73, "1949": 7.13, "1950": 7.24, "1951": 7.19, "1952": 7.03, "1953": 6.65, "1954": 6.03, "1955": 6.06, "1956": 6.05, "1957": 5.71, "1958": 5.32, "1959": 5.17, "1960": 5.06, "1961": 4.92, "1962": 5.08, "1963": 5.18, "1964": 5.39, "1965": 5.3, "1966": 5.5, "1967": 5.26, "1968": 5.19, "1969": 5.04, "1970": 4.74, "1971": 4.46, "1972": 4.33, "1973": 4.12, "1974": 3.53, "1975": 3.35, "1976": 3.25, "1977": 3.26, "1978": 3.26, "1979": 3.34, "1980": 3.35, "1981": 3.17, "1982": 2.76, "1983": 2.58, "1984": 2.57, "1985": 2.47, "1986": 2.51, "1987": 2.41, "1988": 2.32, "1989": 2.17, "1990": 2.08, "1991": 1.91, "1992": 1.75, "1993": 1.75, "1994": 1.73, "1995": 1.73, "1996": 1.69, "1997": 1.65, "1998": 1.58, "1999": 1.55, "2000": 1.53, "2001": 1.51, "2002": 1.51, "2003": 1.48, "2004": 1.44, "2005": 1.46, "2006": 1.42, "2007": 1.36, "2008": 1.26, "2009": 1.15, "2010": 1.11, "2011": 1.1, "2012": 1.14, "2013": 1.1, "2014": 1.08, "2015": 1.15, "2016": 1.19, "2017": 1.17, "2018": 1.14, "2019": 1.11, "2020": 1.34, "2021": 1.38, "2022": 1.34, "2023": 1.26, "2024": 1.19 } }, "smoking": { "name": "Adult Smoking Rate", "category": "Substance Use", "unit": "percent of adults, current cigarette smokers (crude)", "coverage": { "first": 2000, "last": 2024, "points": 25 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC National Health Interview Survey", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/resource/gj3i-hsbz.json", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "NHIS crude prevalence, adults 18+. 2000-2018 from the annual MMWR smoking-prevalence series; 2019-2024 from the NCHS Data Query System (NHIS Adult Summary Health Statistics). NHIS was redesigned in 2019, so the two legs are not strictly comparable across that boundary.", "data": { "2000": 23.3, "2001": 22.8, "2002": 22.5, "2003": 21.6, "2004": 20.9, "2005": 20.9, "2006": 20.8, "2007": 19.8, "2008": 20.6, "2009": 20.6, "2010": 19.3, "2011": 19, "2012": 18.1, "2013": 17.8, "2014": 16.8, "2015": 15.1, "2016": 15.5, "2017": 14, "2018": 13.7, "2019": 14, "2020": 12.5, "2021": 11.5, "2022": 11.6, "2023": 10.8, "2024": 9.9 } }, "marijuanaPastYear": { "name": "Marijuana Use, Past Year", "category": "Substance Use", "unit": "percent of people 12+ who used marijuana in the past year", "coverage": { "first": 2002, "last": 2025, "points": 23 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "SAMHSA, National Survey on Drug Use and Health", "sourceUrl": "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/data-we-collect/nsduh-national-survey-drug-use-and-health", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt42728/NSDUHDetailedTabs2022/NSDUHDetailedTabs2022/2022-nsduh-detailed-tables.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt56484/NSDUHDetailedTabs2024/NSDUHDetailedTabs2024/2024-nsduh-detailed-tables-072325.zip", "https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt57152/2025-nsduh-detailed-tables/2025-nsduh-detailed-tables.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use and Health, people aged 12 or older. 2002–2019 from the 2019 detailed tables' trend tables; 2021 onward from each year's Table 1.1B. There is NO 2020 value: the 2020 survey was disrupted by the pandemic and SAMHSA says it is not comparable, and the 2021 redesign (web mode, new questions) started a new baseline — SAMHSA advises against comparing 2021+ with earlier years, so the 2020 gap is a seam, not a missing year. Where a later release re-weighted a year (2024 appears in both the 2024 and 2025 tables) the newer release wins.", "data": { "2002": 11, "2003": 10.6, "2004": 10.6, "2005": 10.4, "2006": 10.3, "2007": 10.1, "2008": 10.4, "2009": 11.4, "2010": 11.6, "2011": 11.5, "2012": 12.1, "2013": 12.6, "2014": 13.2, "2015": 13.5, "2016": 13.9, "2017": 15, "2018": 15.9, "2019": 17.5, "2021": 19, "2022": 22, "2023": 21.8, "2024": 22.3, "2025": 21.2 } }, "teenMarijuana": { "name": "Teen Marijuana Use", "category": "Substance Use", "unit": "percent of 12th graders using marijuana in the past 30 days", "coverage": { "first": 1980, "last": 2024, "points": 45 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Monitoring the Future (University of Michigan), via CDC/NCHS Data Query System", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/mtgp-t7vw", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://monitoringthefuture.org/", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Monitoring the Future's annual national school survey of 12th graders (roughly 12,000–15,000 students), past-30-day prevalence, crude percent, as republished by NCHS in Health, United States. MTF itself began in 1975; the NCHS mirror starts in 1980. The 2020 survey was cut short by COVID (smaller sample); MTF reports no series break.", "data": { "1980": 33.7, "1981": 31.6, "1982": 28.5, "1983": 27, "1984": 25.2, "1985": 25.7, "1986": 23.4, "1987": 21, "1988": 18, "1989": 16.7, "1990": 14, "1991": 13.8, "1992": 11.9, "1993": 15.5, "1994": 19, "1995": 21.2, "1996": 21.9, "1997": 23.7, "1998": 22.8, "1999": 23.1, "2000": 21.6, "2001": 22.4, "2002": 21.5, "2003": 21.2, "2004": 19.9, "2005": 19.8, "2006": 18.3, "2007": 18.8, "2008": 19.4, "2009": 20.6, "2010": 21.4, "2011": 22.6, "2012": 22.9, "2013": 22.7, "2014": 21.2, "2015": 21.3, "2016": 22.5, "2017": 22.9, "2018": 22.2, "2019": 22.3, "2020": 21.1, "2021": 19.5, "2022": 20.2, "2023": 18.4, "2024": 16.2 } }, "alcoholPerCapita": { "name": "Alcohol Consumption per Capita", "category": "Substance Use", "unit": "gallons of pure ethanol per person aged 14+, per year", "coverage": { "first": 1850, "last": 2023, "points": 93 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NIAAA Surveillance Report #122, Table 1", "sourceUrl": "https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/sites/default/files/surveillance-report122.Per-Capita-Consumption.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance-reports", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Apparent consumption: beverage sales and tax data converted to gallons of pure ethanol (beer + wine + spirits) divided by the population aged 14 and older (15 and older before 1970). NIAAA's Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System; a new surveillance report each spring with a ~16-month lag.", "data": { "1850": 2.1, "1860": 2.53, "1870": 2.07, "1934": 0.97, "1935": 1.2, "1936": 1.5, "1937": 1.59, "1938": 1.47, "1939": 1.51, "1940": 1.56, "1941": 1.7, "1942": 1.97, "1943": 1.83, "1944": 2.07, "1945": 2.25, "1946": 2.3, "1947": 2.03, "1948": 1.97, "1949": 1.98, "1950": 2.04, "1951": 2.01, "1952": 1.98, "1953": 2.01, "1954": 1.96, "1955": 2, "1956": 2.03, "1957": 1.99, "1958": 1.98, "1959": 2.06, "1960": 2.07, "1961": 2.06, "1962": 2.11, "1963": 2.15, "1964": 2.23, "1965": 2.27, "1966": 2.32, "1967": 2.37, "1968": 2.45, "1969": 2.51, "1970": 2.52, "1971": 2.58, "1972": 2.54, "1973": 2.6, "1974": 2.65, "1975": 2.67, "1976": 2.66, "1977": 2.6, "1978": 2.66, "1979": 2.7, "1980": 2.75, "1981": 2.76, "1982": 2.72, "1983": 2.69, "1984": 2.65, "1985": 2.62, "1986": 2.58, "1987": 2.55, "1988": 2.49, "1989": 2.43, "1990": 2.45, "1991": 2.3, "1992": 2.3, "1993": 2.23, "1994": 2.18, "1995": 2.15, "1996": 2.16, "1997": 2.15, "1998": 2.15, "1999": 2.17, "2000": 2.19, "2001": 2.18, "2002": 2.2, "2003": 2.22, "2004": 2.23, "2005": 2.25, "2006": 2.28, "2007": 2.31, "2008": 2.31, "2009": 2.29, "2010": 2.26, "2011": 2.29, "2012": 2.34, "2013": 2.33, "2014": 2.32, "2015": 2.33, "2016": 2.35, "2017": 2.35, "2018": 2.36, "2019": 2.38, "2020": 2.44, "2021": 2.54, "2022": 2.51, "2023": 2.48 } }, "teenBingeDrinking": { "name": "Teen Binge Drinking", "category": "Substance Use", "unit": "percent of 12th graders using — five or more drinks in a row — in the past 30 days", "coverage": { "first": 1980, "last": 2024, "points": 45 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Monitoring the Future (University of Michigan), via CDC/NCHS Data Query System", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/mtgp-t7vw", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://monitoringthefuture.org/", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Monitoring the Future's annual national school survey of 12th graders (roughly 12,000–15,000 students), past-30-day prevalence, crude percent, as republished by NCHS in Health, United States. MTF itself began in 1975; the NCHS mirror starts in 1980. The 2020 survey was cut short by COVID (smaller sample); MTF reports no series break.", "data": { "1980": 41.2, "1981": 41.4, "1982": 40.5, "1983": 40.8, "1984": 38.7, "1985": 36.7, "1986": 36.8, "1987": 37.5, "1988": 34.7, "1989": 33, "1990": 32.2, "1991": 29.8, "1992": 27.9, "1993": 27.5, "1994": 28.2, "1995": 29.8, "1996": 30.2, "1997": 31.3, "1998": 31.5, "1999": 30.8, "2000": 30, "2001": 29.7, "2002": 28.6, "2003": 27.9, "2004": 29.2, "2005": 27.1, "2006": 25.4, "2007": 25.9, "2008": 24.6, "2009": 25.2, "2010": 23.2, "2011": 21.6, "2012": 23.7, "2013": 22.1, "2014": 19.4, "2015": 17.2, "2016": 15.5, "2017": 16.6, "2018": 13.8, "2019": 14.4, "2020": 16.8, "2021": 11.8, "2022": 12.6, "2023": 10.2, "2024": 8.8 } }, "violent": { "name": "Violent Crime Rate", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "offenses per 100,000 people", "coverage": { "first": 1976, "last": 2025, "points": 50 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FBI Crime Data Explorer, reported violent crime", "sourceUrl": "https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/1995/95sec2.pdf", "https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2010/crime-in-the-u.s.-2010/tables/10tbl01.xls", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Reported offenses per 100k. 2021 dip partly reflects the NIBRS reporting transition. 1976-1990 from FBI Crime in the United States 1995 Table 1 (UCR national estimates); 1991-1999 from the CIUS 2010 edition Table 1 (later revisions; overlap with the 1995 edition agrees within 0.3). LINEAGE SEAM at 2000: pre-2000 values are UCR estimated rates, 2000+ are FBI CDE reported rates — the two methodologies differ (UCR-estimated 2000 was 506.5 vs CDE-reported 534.4), so the 1999-2000 step is not a like-for-like change.", "data": { "1976": 467.8, "1977": 475.9, "1978": 497.8, "1979": 548.9, "1980": 596.6, "1981": 594.3, "1982": 571.1, "1983": 537.7, "1984": 539.2, "1985": 556.6, "1986": 617.7, "1987": 609.7, "1988": 637.2, "1989": 663.1, "1990": 731.8, "1991": 758.2, "1992": 757.7, "1993": 747.1, "1994": 713.6, "1995": 684.5, "1996": 636.6, "1997": 611, "1998": 567.6, "1999": 523, "2000": 534.4, "2001": 529.5, "2002": 512.9, "2003": 493.8, "2004": 478.6, "2005": 483, "2006": 486.9, "2007": 477.9, "2008": 463.6, "2009": 436.8, "2010": 408.1, "2011": 390.1, "2012": 390.7, "2013": 378.2, "2014": 373.7, "2015": 384.6, "2016": 399.5, "2017": 397.4, "2018": 384.8, "2019": 381, "2020": 399.3, "2021": 361.2, "2022": 398.2, "2023": 385.7, "2024": 363.6, "2025": 329.1 } }, "property": { "name": "Property Crime Rate", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "offenses per 100,000 people", "coverage": { "first": 1976, "last": 2025, "points": 50 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FBI Crime Data Explorer, reported property crime", "sourceUrl": "https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/1995/95sec2.pdf", "https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2010/crime-in-the-u.s.-2010/tables/10tbl01.xls", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Reported offenses per 100k. 2021 dip partly reflects the NIBRS reporting transition. Same sourcing and lineage seam as the violent-crime series: 1976-1990 CIUS 1995 Table 1, 1991-1999 CIUS 2010 Table 1 (UCR estimates); 2000+ are CDE reported rates.", "data": { "1976": 4819.5, "1977": 4601.7, "1978": 4642.5, "1979": 5016.6, "1980": 5353.3, "1981": 5263.9, "1982": 5032.5, "1983": 4637.4, "1984": 4492.1, "1985": 4650.5, "1986": 4862.6, "1987": 4940.3, "1988": 5027.1, "1989": 5077.9, "1990": 5088.5, "1991": 5140.2, "1992": 4903.7, "1993": 4740, "1994": 4660.2, "1995": 4590.5, "1996": 4451, "1997": 4316.3, "1998": 4052.5, "1999": 3743.6, "2000": 3751.7, "2001": 3801.5, "2002": 3737.7, "2003": 3704, "2004": 3599.4, "2005": 3518.3, "2006": 3397.1, "2007": 3316.1, "2008": 3252.3, "2009": 3076.7, "2010": 2963.4, "2011": 2925.7, "2012": 2881.3, "2013": 2759.3, "2014": 2591.8, "2015": 2495.3, "2016": 2469.1, "2017": 2372.3, "2018": 2206.8, "2019": 2109.1, "2020": 1955.4, "2021": 1763.9, "2022": 1998.8, "2023": 1951.3, "2024": 1767.8, "2025": 1551.6 } }, "homicide": { "name": "Homicide Rate", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "offenses per 100,000 people", "coverage": { "first": 2000, "last": 2025, "points": 26 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FBI Crime Data Explorer, reported homicide", "sourceUrl": "https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "FBI CDE reported homicide offenses, monthly rates per 100,000 summed to an annual rate. Reported figures, not the retired UCR estimates, so the series starts at 2000 and carries the same 2021 NIBRS-transition caveat as the other crime rows. Partial years are excluded.", "data": { "2000": 5.8, "2001": 5.9, "2002": 5.9, "2003": 5.9, "2004": 5.7, "2005": 5.9, "2006": 5.9, "2007": 5.8, "2008": 5.5, "2009": 5.1, "2010": 4.8, "2011": 4.8, "2012": 4.8, "2013": 4.6, "2014": 4.5, "2015": 5, "2016": 5.4, "2017": 5.3, "2018": 5.2, "2019": 5.3, "2020": 6.8, "2021": 6.9, "2022": 6.9, "2023": 6.1, "2024": 5.2, "2025": 4.3 } }, "incarceration": { "name": "Imprisonment Rate", "category": "Crime & Justice", "unit": "percent of US residents in state or federal prison", "coverage": { "first": 1978, "last": 2023, "points": 46 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "BJS National Prisoner Statistics", "sourceUrl": "https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/prisoners-2023-statistical-tables", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/prisoners-2020-statistical-tables", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "State and federal prisoners serving sentences of more than a year, as a percent of US residents of all ages (BJS publishes the rate per 100,000; this is that rate divided by 1,000). Prisons only — local jails, which hold several hundred thousand more people, are counted separately by BJS. History from Prisoners in 2020 (Appendix Table 1), recent years from Prisoners in 2023 (Table 5); the overlapping years agree.", "data": { "1978": 0.131, "1979": 0.133, "1980": 0.138, "1981": 0.153, "1982": 0.17, "1983": 0.179, "1984": 0.187, "1985": 0.201, "1986": 0.216, "1987": 0.23, "1988": 0.246, "1989": 0.274, "1990": 0.295, "1991": 0.311, "1992": 0.33, "1993": 0.36, "1994": 0.389, "1995": 0.411, "1996": 0.427, "1997": 0.444, "1998": 0.463, "1999": 0.476, "2000": 0.47, "2001": 0.47, "2002": 0.477, "2003": 0.483, "2004": 0.487, "2005": 0.492, "2006": 0.501, "2007": 0.506, "2008": 0.506, "2009": 0.504, "2010": 0.5, "2011": 0.492, "2012": 0.48, "2013": 0.479, "2014": 0.472, "2015": 0.459, "2016": 0.45, "2017": 0.442, "2018": 0.431, "2019": 0.419, "2020": 0.357, "2021": 0.35, "2022": 0.355, "2023": 0.36 } }, "marriage": { "name": "Marriage Rate", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "marriages per 1,000 population", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2023, "points": 54 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics System", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/marriage-divorce.htm", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/marriage_rate_2018/marriage_rate_2018.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "CDC/NCHS NVSS national table, per 1,000 total US population. 2023 latest; table titled Provisional; 2013-14 exclude Georgia, 2006 excludes Louisiana. 1970-1999 from NCHS Health E-Stat 'Marriage Rates in the United States, 1900-2018' (Curtin & Sutton 2020); its 2000-2018 overlap matches the NVSS table exactly.", "data": { "1970": 10.6, "1971": 10.6, "1972": 10.9, "1973": 10.8, "1974": 10.5, "1975": 10, "1976": 9.9, "1977": 9.9, "1978": 10.3, "1979": 10.4, "1980": 10.6, "1981": 10.6, "1982": 10.6, "1983": 10.5, "1984": 10.5, "1985": 10.1, "1986": 10, "1987": 9.9, "1988": 9.8, "1989": 9.7, "1990": 9.8, "1991": 9.4, "1992": 9.3, "1993": 9, "1994": 9.1, "1995": 8.9, "1996": 8.8, "1997": 8.9, "1998": 8.4, "1999": 8.6, "2000": 8.2, "2001": 8.2, "2002": 8, "2003": 7.7, "2004": 7.8, "2005": 7.6, "2006": 7.5, "2007": 7.3, "2008": 7.1, "2009": 6.8, "2010": 6.8, "2011": 6.8, "2012": 6.8, "2013": 6.8, "2014": 6.9, "2015": 6.9, "2016": 7, "2017": 6.9, "2018": 6.5, "2019": 6.1, "2020": 5.1, "2021": 6, "2022": 6.2, "2023": 6.1 } }, "divorce": { "name": "Divorce Rate", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "divorces per 1,000 population (reporting states)", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2023, "points": 54 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics System", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/marriage-divorce.htm", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/112483/cdc_112483_DS1.pdf", "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/mvsr/mv41_12.pdf", "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/mvsr/mv44_12.pdf", "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/mvsr/mv46_12.pdf", "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr48/nvs48_19.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "CDC/NCHS NVSS. Rate is per 1,000 population of reporting areas only — California among others excluded most years (2017-2023 exclude CA, HI, IN, MN, NM). 2023 latest. 1970-1990 final rates from NCHS Advance Report of Final Divorce Statistics 1989-90 (MVSR 43-9S Table 1, all states); 1991-1996 NCHS provisional annual rates (MVSR annual summaries; NCHS ceased final divorce statistics in 1996); 1997-1999 rates exclude CA, CO, IN, LA (46 reporting states + DC) — the same reporting-states lineage the 2000+ series continues.", "data": { "1970": 3.5, "1971": 3.7, "1972": 4, "1973": 4.3, "1974": 4.6, "1975": 4.8, "1976": 5, "1977": 5, "1978": 5.1, "1979": 5.3, "1980": 5.2, "1981": 5.3, "1982": 5.1, "1983": 5, "1984": 5, "1985": 5, "1986": 4.9, "1987": 4.8, "1988": 4.8, "1989": 4.7, "1990": 4.7, "1991": 4.7, "1992": 4.7, "1993": 4.6, "1994": 4.6, "1995": 4.4, "1996": 4.3, "1997": 4.3, "1998": 4.2, "1999": 4.1, "2000": 4, "2001": 4, "2002": 3.9, "2003": 3.8, "2004": 3.7, "2005": 3.6, "2006": 3.7, "2007": 3.6, "2008": 3.5, "2009": 3.5, "2010": 3.6, "2011": 3.6, "2012": 3.4, "2013": 3.3, "2014": 3.2, "2015": 3.1, "2016": 3, "2017": 2.9, "2018": 2.9, "2019": 2.7, "2020": 2.3, "2021": 2.5, "2022": 2.4, "2023": 2.4 } }, "fertility": { "name": "Total Fertility Rate", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "births per woman (total fertility rate)", "coverage": { "first": 1970, "last": 2024, "points": 55 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS, Births: Final Data", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr75/nvsr75-02.pdf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "NCHS TFR (stored per 1,000 women; 2,100 = replacement). 2010-2024 from Births: Final Data for 2024 (NVSR 75-2); 2000-2009 from Births: Final Data for 2015 revised rates; splice verified identical on 2010-2015 overlap. 2024 is final. 1970-1999 from Births: Final Data for 2015 (NVSR 66-1) Table 4, the census-revised TFR series spanning 1970-2015; its 2000 value matches the shipped series exactly, so the splice is a single lineage. Stored here per woman; NCHS publishes the rate per 1,000 women.", "data": { "1970": 2.48, "1971": 2.2665, "1972": 2.01, "1973": 1.879, "1974": 1.835, "1975": 1.774, "1976": 1.738, "1977": 1.7895, "1978": 1.76, "1979": 1.808, "1980": 1.8395, "1981": 1.812, "1982": 1.8275, "1983": 1.799, "1984": 1.8065, "1985": 1.844, "1986": 1.8375, "1987": 1.872, "1988": 1.934, "1989": 2.014, "1990": 2.081, "1991": 2.0625, "1992": 2.046, "1993": 2.0195, "1994": 2.0015, "1995": 1.978, "1996": 1.976, "1997": 1.971, "1998": 1.999, "1999": 2.0075, "2000": 2.056, "2001": 2.0305, "2002": 2.0205, "2003": 2.0475, "2004": 2.0515, "2005": 2.057, "2006": 2.108, "2007": 2.12, "2008": 2.072, "2009": 2.002, "2010": 1.931, "2011": 1.8945, "2012": 1.8805, "2013": 1.8575, "2014": 1.8625, "2015": 1.8435, "2016": 1.8205, "2017": 1.7655, "2018": 1.7295, "2019": 1.706, "2020": 1.6415, "2021": 1.664, "2022": 1.6565, "2023": 1.621, "2024": 1.5995 } }, "teenBirthRate": { "name": "Teen Birth Rate", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "births per 1,000 females aged 15–19", "coverage": { "first": 1960, "last": 2024, "points": 65 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics System (Health, United States + Data Query System)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/daba-4vfq", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://data.cdc.gov/d/e8kx-wbww", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Live births to women aged 15–19 per 1,000 women in that age group. 1960–2018 from the Health, United States table of birth rates by age of mother; 2016 onward from the NCHS Data Query System; the three overlap years agree exactly. The 1991 peak (61.8) and the steady fall since are as published.", "data": { "1960": 89.1, "1961": 88.6, "1962": 81.4, "1963": 76.7, "1964": 73.1, "1965": 70.5, "1966": 70.3, "1967": 67.5, "1968": 65.6, "1969": 65.5, "1970": 68.3, "1971": 64.5, "1972": 61.7, "1973": 59.3, "1974": 57.5, "1975": 55.6, "1976": 52.8, "1977": 52.8, "1978": 51.5, "1979": 52.3, "1980": 53, "1981": 52.2, "1982": 52.4, "1983": 51.4, "1984": 50.6, "1985": 51, "1986": 50.2, "1987": 50.6, "1988": 53, "1989": 57.3, "1990": 59.9, "1991": 61.8, "1992": 60.3, "1993": 59, "1994": 58.2, "1995": 56, "1996": 53.5, "1997": 51.3, "1998": 50.3, "1999": 48.8, "2000": 47.7, "2001": 45, "2002": 42.6, "2003": 41.1, "2004": 40.5, "2005": 39.7, "2006": 41.1, "2007": 41.5, "2008": 40.2, "2009": 40.2, "2010": 34.2, "2011": 31.3, "2012": 29.4, "2013": 26.5, "2014": 24.2, "2015": 22.3, "2016": 20.3, "2017": 18.8, "2018": 17.4, "2019": 16.7, "2020": 15, "2021": 13.9, "2022": 13.6, "2023": 13.1, "2024": 12.6 } }, "unmarriedBirths": { "name": "Births to Unmarried Mothers", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "percent of all US births", "coverage": { "first": 1940, "last": 2015, "points": 67 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics System", "sourceUrl": "https://data.cdc.gov/d/g6qk-ngsf", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Births to unmarried women (NCHS, all age groups summed) divided by total US births (NCHS births and general fertility rates). Both numerator and denominator are NCHS-published counts; the ratio is the only arithmetic.", "data": { "1940": 3.5, "1950": 3.9, "1951": 3.8, "1952": 3.8, "1953": 4.1, "1954": 4.3, "1955": 4.5, "1956": 4.6, "1957": 4.7, "1958": 4.9, "1959": 5.2, "1960": 5.3, "1961": 5.6, "1962": 5.9, "1963": 6.3, "1964": 6.8, "1965": 7.8, "1966": 8.4, "1967": 9, "1968": 9.7, "1969": 10, "1970": 10.7, "1971": 11.3, "1972": 12.4, "1973": 13, "1974": 13.2, "1975": 14.2, "1976": 14.8, "1977": 15.5, "1978": 16.3, "1979": 17.1, "1980": 18.4, "1981": 18.9, "1982": 19.4, "1983": 20.3, "1984": 21, "1985": 22, "1986": 23.4, "1987": 24.5, "1988": 25.7, "1989": 27.1, "1990": 28, "1991": 29.5, "1992": 30.1, "1993": 31, "1994": 32.6, "1995": 32.2, "1996": 32.4, "1997": 32.4, "1998": 32.8, "1999": 33, "2000": 33.2, "2001": 33.5, "2002": 34, "2003": 34.6, "2004": 35.8, "2005": 36.9, "2006": 38.5, "2007": 39.7, "2008": 40.6, "2009": 41, "2010": 40.8, "2011": 40.7, "2012": 40.7, "2013": 40.6, "2014": 40.2, "2015": 40.3 } }, "popGrowth": { "name": "Population Growth", "category": "Family & Society", "unit": "percent per year", "coverage": { "first": 1931, "last": 2025, "points": 95 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FRED B230RC0A052NBEA", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/B230RC0A052NBEA", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "BEA/Census midyear US resident population, year-over-year percent change.", "data": { "1931": 0.78, "1932": 0.64, "1933": 0.59, "1934": 0.63, "1935": 0.69, "1936": 0.64, "1937": 0.61, "1938": 0.78, "1939": 0.81, "1940": 0.83, "1941": 0.97, "1942": 1.09, "1943": 1.39, "1944": 1.21, "1945": 1.11, "1946": 1.04, "1947": 1.94, "1948": 1.74, "1949": 1.74, "1950": 1.67, "1951": 1.72, "1952": 1.73, "1953": 1.66, "1954": 1.77, "1955": 1.78, "1956": 1.78, "1957": 1.81, "1958": 1.67, "1959": 1.72, "1960": 2.05, "1961": 1.65, "1962": 1.55, "1963": 1.45, "1964": 1.39, "1965": 1.26, "1966": 1.16, "1967": 1.1, "1968": 1, "1969": 0.99, "1970": 1.16, "1971": 1.27, "1972": 1.07, "1973": 0.96, "1974": 0.92, "1975": 0.97, "1976": 0.97, "1977": 1.01, "1978": 1.06, "1979": 1.11, "1980": 1.16, "1981": 1, "1982": 0.96, "1983": 0.91, "1984": 0.88, "1985": 0.89, "1986": 0.91, "1987": 0.9, "1988": 0.91, "1989": 0.95, "1990": 1.13, "1991": 1.34, "1992": 1.34, "1993": 1.31, "1994": 1.22, "1995": 1.19, "1996": 1.17, "1997": 1.2, "1998": 1.17, "1999": 1.15, "2000": 1.1, "2001": 1, "2002": 0.96, "2003": 0.93, "2004": 0.91, "2005": 0.93, "2006": 0.95, "2007": 0.96, "2008": 0.94, "2009": 0.89, "2010": 0.85, "2011": 0.79, "2012": 0.78, "2013": 0.75, "2014": 0.79, "2015": 0.79, "2016": 0.77, "2017": 0.69, "2018": 0.59, "2019": 0.52, "2020": 0.4, "2021": 0.2, "2022": 0.56, "2023": 0.82, "2024": 0.89, "2025": 0.54 } }, "happiness": { "name": "Happiness", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "Cantril ladder score (0-10)", "coverage": { "first": 2006, "last": 2025, "points": 20 }, "goodDirection": null, "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "World Happiness Report (Gallup World Poll)", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldhappiness.report/country/USA", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "World Happiness Report / Gallup World Poll, US single-year national average life evaluation by data year (not the 3-year ranking average). Series begins 2006; 2025 published in WHR 2026. 3-year means reproduce the published Figure 2.1 values exactly.", "data": { "2006": 7.182, "2007": 7.513, "2008": 7.28, "2009": 7.158, "2010": 7.164, "2011": 7.115, "2012": 7.026, "2013": 7.249, "2014": 7.151, "2015": 6.864, "2016": 6.804, "2017": 6.992, "2018": 6.883, "2019": 6.944, "2020": 7.028, "2021": 6.959, "2022": 6.693, "2023": 6.521, "2024": 6.959, "2025": 6.969 } }, "veryHappy": { "name": "Very Happy", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent of adults \"very happy\"", "coverage": { "first": 1972, "last": 2024, "points": 35 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Taken all together, how would you say things are these days — would you say that you are very happy, pretty happy, or not too happy? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1972": 30.3, "1973": 36.1, "1974": 36.4, "1975": 32.5, "1976": 34.4, "1977": 35.5, "1978": 33.6, "1980": 34.1, "1982": 33.9, "1983": 31.4, "1984": 35.2, "1985": 29.1, "1986": 32.8, "1987": 33.6, "1988": 36.1, "1989": 34.2, "1990": 35.1, "1991": 31.7, "1993": 31.4, "1994": 30, "1996": 32.2, "1998": 33.4, "2000": 34.7, "2002": 32.6, "2004": 32.2, "2006": 32.2, "2008": 30.9, "2010": 28, "2012": 31.7, "2014": 31.9, "2016": 30.4, "2018": 31.5, "2021": 19.4, "2022": 24.8, "2024": 23.4 } }, "optimismFutureLife": { "name": "Optimistic About Life in 5 Years", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent rating their expected life in five years 8–10 on a 0–10 ladder", "coverage": { "first": 2009, "last": 2026, "points": 18 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup National Health and Well-Being Index", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/702125/american-optimism-slumps-record-low.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup National Health and Well-Being Index (U.S. adults, tens of thousands of interviews a year), Cantril Self-Anchoring Striving Scale: respondents rate their life today and their expected life five years from now on a 0–10 ladder. Gallup moved from daily phone tracking to its web panel over 2018–2020. Values are Gallup's own published annual figures.", "data": { "2009": 63, "2010": 64.1, "2011": 63.4, "2012": 63.8, "2013": 63.1, "2014": 67.7, "2015": 68.7, "2016": 68.9, "2017": 68.2, "2018": 66.4, "2019": 66.1, "2020": 68.3, "2021": 67.7, "2022": 63.1, "2023": 61.9, "2024": 62.7, "2025": 59.2, "2026": 59.7 } }, "satisfiedWithCountry": { "name": "Satisfied With How Things Are Going in the U.S.", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent satisfied, annual average of Gallup readings", "coverage": { "first": 1979, "last": 2026, "points": 47 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": 2026, "partialThrough": "2026-07", "source": "Gallup, Satisfaction With the United States", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1669/general-mood-country.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"In general, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the way things are going in the United States at this time?\" Annual value is the plain average of every Gallup reading that year (monthly since 2001; one to four readings a year in the 1980s and 1990s, none in 1980). Gallup publishes the readings, not the annual average — the averaging is the only arithmetic here.", "data": { "1979": 19, "1981": 25.7, "1982": 24.3, "1983": 35, "1984": 48.8, "1985": 51, "1986": 60, "1987": 45, "1988": 48.5, "1989": 44.5, "1990": 39.6, "1991": 47.1, "1992": 20.6, "1993": 27.8, "1994": 32.7, "1995": 31.7, "1996": 38.9, "1997": 49, "1998": 59.6, "1999": 58.8, "2000": 59.8, "2001": 54.8, "2002": 52.3, "2003": 46, "2004": 42.5, "2005": 38.4, "2006": 31.2, "2007": 27.5, "2008": 15.1, "2009": 26, "2010": 21.6, "2011": 17.1, "2012": 25.5, "2013": 23.8, "2014": 23.2, "2015": 27.8, "2016": 27.1, "2017": 27.3, "2018": 34, "2019": 32.3, "2020": 25.7, "2021": 26.7, "2022": 18.5, "2023": 19.4, "2024": 21.7, "2025": 30.1, "2026": 25 } }, "betterThanParents": { "name": "Better Off Than Parents", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent whose standard of living is better than their parents' at the same age", "coverage": { "first": 1994, "last": 2024, "points": 16 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Compared to your parents when they were the age you are now, do you think your own standard of living now is much better, somewhat better, about the same, somewhat worse, or much worse than theirs was? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1994": 65.3, "1996": 63.6, "1998": 66.2, "2000": 68.3, "2002": 68.5, "2004": 70.2, "2006": 67, "2008": 62.8, "2010": 59.9, "2012": 62, "2014": 61.5, "2016": 59.5, "2018": 62.8, "2021": 57.7, "2022": 61.1, "2024": 54.5 } }, "kidsBetterOff": { "name": "Kids Will Be Better Off", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent expecting their children's standard of living to be better than their own", "coverage": { "first": 1994, "last": 2024, "points": 15 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "When your children are at the age you are now, do you think their standard of living will be much better, somewhat better, about the same, somewhat worse, or much worse than yours is now? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1994": 52.2, "1996": 52.8, "1998": 63.6, "2000": 69.1, "2002": 68.9, "2004": 60.4, "2006": 63.9, "2008": 59.6, "2010": 60.9, "2012": 56.8, "2014": 58, "2016": 61.4, "2018": 64, "2022": 56.9, "2024": 58.8 } }, "expectBetterOffNextYear": { "name": "Expect to Be Better Off Next Year", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent expecting to be better off financially a year from now", "coverage": { "first": 1978, "last": 2025, "points": 48 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers, Table 8", "sourceUrl": "https://data.sca.isr.umich.edu/tables.php", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://data.sca.isr.umich.edu/data-archive/mine.php", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"Do you think that a year from now you will be better off financially, or worse off, or just about the same as now?\" Annual figures as published by the Survey Research Center (monthly survey, ~500–1,000 interviews). The survey moved online through 2017–2024, which Michigan documents as a level effect.", "data": { "1978": 27, "1979": 22, "1980": 27, "1981": 30, "1982": 32, "1983": 37, "1984": 38, "1985": 35, "1986": 37, "1987": 35, "1988": 37, "1989": 38, "1990": 34, "1991": 34, "1992": 35, "1993": 34, "1994": 37, "1995": 36, "1996": 38, "1997": 42, "1998": 42, "1999": 42, "2000": 43, "2001": 40, "2002": 42, "2003": 41, "2004": 40, "2005": 36, "2006": 34, "2007": 33, "2008": 26, "2009": 29, "2010": 27, "2011": 23, "2012": 26, "2013": 27, "2014": 30, "2015": 35, "2016": 36, "2017": 39, "2018": 41, "2019": 41, "2020": 36, "2021": 33, "2022": 29, "2023": 29, "2024": 32, "2025": 26 } }, "satisfiedFinances": { "name": "Satisfied With Finances", "category": "Happiness & Outlook", "unit": "percent pretty well satisfied with their financial situation", "coverage": { "first": 1972, "last": 2024, "points": 35 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "So far as you and your family are concerned, would you say that you are pretty well satisfied with your present financial situation, more or less satisfied, or not satisfied at all? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1972": 33.1, "1973": 31.4, "1974": 30.4, "1975": 31.1, "1976": 30.6, "1977": 34.7, "1978": 34.9, "1980": 26.8, "1982": 27.9, "1983": 28.3, "1984": 28.6, "1985": 29.1, "1986": 31.4, "1987": 29.4, "1988": 30.6, "1989": 29.8, "1990": 29.9, "1991": 28.2, "1993": 26.2, "1994": 28, "1996": 28, "1998": 30.3, "2000": 31, "2002": 30.4, "2004": 33, "2006": 30.3, "2008": 28.6, "2010": 23, "2012": 27.2, "2014": 27.3, "2016": 28.6, "2018": 33.2, "2021": 27, "2022": 26.7, "2024": 22.6 } }, "trustGov": { "name": "Trust in Government", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent trusting the federal government", "coverage": { "first": 1958, "last": 2025, "points": 53 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Pew Research Center, Public Trust in Government 1958-2025", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/06/24/public-trust-in-government-1958-2024/", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Percent saying they trust the federal government to do what is right just about always or most of the time. Pew's long series stitches its own surveys to ANES, Gallup, CBS/NYT, and others; years with no survey are absent rather than interpolated. Read from Pew's published series 2026-08-18; there is no machine-readable endpoint, so these values are checked in and re-verified on each data refresh.", "data": { "1958": 73, "1964": 77, "1966": 65, "1968": 62, "1970": 54, "1972": 53, "1974": 36, "1976": 33, "1977": 35, "1978": 29, "1979": 30, "1980": 26, "1982": 33, "1984": 44, "1985": 46, "1986": 49, "1987": 42, "1988": 41, "1989": 44, "1990": 42, "1991": 47, "1992": 29, "1993": 28, "1994": 24, "1995": 22, "1996": 33, "1997": 39, "1998": 40, "1999": 38, "2000": 44, "2001": 55, "2002": 55, "2003": 37, "2004": 46, "2005": 32, "2006": 34, "2007": 31, "2008": 31, "2009": 26, "2010": 25, "2011": 20, "2012": 22, "2013": 20, "2014": 24, "2015": 19, "2017": 20, "2019": 17, "2020": 27, "2021": 24, "2022": 20, "2023": 16, "2024": 22, "2025": 17 } }, "trustMedia": { "name": "Trust in Mass Media", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or fair amount of trust", "coverage": { "first": 1972, "last": 2025, "points": 31 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Media Use and Evaluation", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1663/media-use-evaluation.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "\"In general, how much trust and confidence do you have in the mass media — such as newspapers, TV and radio — when it comes to reporting the news fully, accurately and fairly?\" Great deal + fair amount. Asked in 1972, 1974, 1976 and annually since 1997 (no 2006 reading); September field.", "data": { "1972": 68, "1974": 69, "1976": 72, "1997": 53, "1998": 55, "1999": 55, "2000": 51, "2001": 53, "2002": 54, "2003": 54, "2004": 44, "2005": 50, "2007": 47, "2008": 43, "2009": 45, "2010": 43, "2011": 44, "2012": 40, "2013": 44, "2014": 40, "2015": 40, "2016": 32, "2017": 41, "2018": 45, "2019": 41, "2020": 40, "2021": 36, "2022": 34, "2023": 32, "2024": 31, "2025": 28 } }, "peopleCanBeTrusted": { "name": "Most People Can Be Trusted", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent saying most people can be trusted", "coverage": { "first": 1972, "last": 2024, "points": 30 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you can't be too careful in dealing with people? NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1972": 46.6, "1973": 47.2, "1975": 40, "1976": 43, "1978": 38.4, "1980": 42.7, "1983": 34.9, "1984": 49.2, "1986": 37.4, "1987": 43.1, "1988": 39.5, "1989": 40.1, "1990": 37.6, "1991": 38.1, "1993": 33.6, "1994": 33.5, "1996": 32.9, "1998": 36.7, "2000": 35.1, "2002": 33.8, "2004": 33.9, "2006": 32.5, "2008": 32.2, "2010": 32.1, "2012": 31.8, "2014": 29.6, "2016": 31.9, "2018": 33.8, "2022": 26.2, "2024": 24.8 } }, "gallupCongress": { "name": "Confidence in Congress", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2026, "points": 47 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1973": 42, "1975": 40, "1977": 40, "1979": 34, "1981": 29, "1983": 28, "1984": 29, "1985": 39, "1986": 41, "1988": 35, "1989": 32, "1990": 24, "1991": 18, "1993": 18, "1994": 18, "1995": 21, "1996": 20, "1997": 22, "1998": 28, "1999": 26, "2000": 24, "2001": 26, "2002": 29, "2003": 29, "2004": 30, "2005": 22, "2006": 19, "2007": 14, "2008": 12, "2009": 17, "2010": 11, "2011": 12, "2012": 13, "2013": 10, "2014": 7, "2015": 8, "2016": 9, "2017": 12, "2018": 11, "2019": 11, "2020": 13, "2021": 12, "2022": 7, "2023": 8, "2024": 9, "2025": 10, "2026": 9 } }, "gallupPresidency": { "name": "Confidence in the Presidency", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1975, "last": 2026, "points": 36 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1975": 52, "1991": 50, "1993": 43, "1994": 38, "1995": 45, "1996": 39, "1997": 49, "1998": 53, "1999": 49, "2000": 42, "2001": 48, "2002": 58, "2003": 55, "2004": 52, "2005": 44, "2006": 33, "2007": 25, "2008": 26, "2009": 51, "2010": 36, "2011": 35, "2012": 37, "2013": 36, "2014": 29, "2015": 33, "2016": 36, "2017": 32, "2018": 37, "2019": 38, "2020": 39, "2021": 38, "2022": 23, "2023": 26, "2024": 26, "2025": 30, "2026": 27 } }, "gallupSupremeCourt": { "name": "Confidence in the Supreme Court", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2026, "points": 48 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1973": 45, "1975": 49, "1977": 45, "1979": 45, "1981": 46, "1983": 42, "1984": 51, "1985": 56, "1986": 54, "1987": 52, "1988": 56, "1989": 46, "1990": 47, "1991": 39, "1993": 43, "1994": 42, "1995": 44, "1996": 45, "1997": 50, "1998": 50, "1999": 49, "2000": 47, "2001": 50, "2002": 50, "2003": 47, "2004": 46, "2005": 41, "2006": 40, "2007": 34, "2008": 32, "2009": 39, "2010": 36, "2011": 37, "2012": 37, "2013": 34, "2014": 30, "2015": 32, "2016": 36, "2017": 40, "2018": 37, "2019": 38, "2020": 40, "2021": 36, "2022": 25, "2023": 27, "2024": 30, "2025": 27, "2026": 27 } }, "gallupPolice": { "name": "Confidence in the Police", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1993, "last": 2026, "points": 34 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1993": 52, "1994": 54, "1995": 58, "1996": 60, "1997": 59, "1998": 58, "1999": 57, "2000": 54, "2001": 57, "2002": 59, "2003": 61, "2004": 64, "2005": 63, "2006": 58, "2007": 54, "2008": 58, "2009": 59, "2010": 59, "2011": 56, "2012": 56, "2013": 57, "2014": 53, "2015": 52, "2016": 56, "2017": 57, "2018": 54, "2019": 53, "2020": 48, "2021": 51, "2022": 45, "2023": 43, "2024": 51, "2025": 45, "2026": 45 } }, "gallupMilitary": { "name": "Confidence in the Military", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1975, "last": 2026, "points": 47 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1975": 58, "1977": 57, "1979": 54, "1981": 50, "1983": 53, "1984": 58, "1985": 61, "1986": 63, "1987": 61, "1988": 58, "1989": 63, "1990": 68, "1991": 69, "1993": 67, "1994": 64, "1995": 64, "1996": 66, "1997": 60, "1998": 64, "1999": 68, "2000": 64, "2001": 66, "2002": 79, "2003": 82, "2004": 75, "2005": 74, "2006": 73, "2007": 69, "2008": 71, "2009": 82, "2010": 76, "2011": 78, "2012": 75, "2013": 76, "2014": 74, "2015": 72, "2016": 73, "2017": 72, "2018": 74, "2019": 73, "2020": 72, "2021": 69, "2022": 64, "2023": 60, "2024": 61, "2025": 62, "2026": 61 } }, "gallupPublicSchools": { "name": "Confidence in Public Schools", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2026, "points": 48 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1973": 58, "1975": 62, "1977": 53, "1979": 53, "1981": 42, "1983": 39, "1984": 48, "1985": 48, "1986": 49, "1987": 50, "1988": 49, "1989": 43, "1990": 45, "1991": 35, "1993": 39, "1994": 34, "1995": 40, "1996": 38, "1997": 40, "1998": 37, "1999": 36, "2000": 37, "2001": 38, "2002": 38, "2003": 40, "2004": 41, "2005": 37, "2006": 37, "2007": 33, "2008": 33, "2009": 38, "2010": 34, "2011": 34, "2012": 29, "2013": 32, "2014": 26, "2015": 31, "2016": 30, "2017": 36, "2018": 29, "2019": 29, "2020": 41, "2021": 32, "2022": 28, "2023": 26, "2024": 29, "2025": 29, "2026": 27 } }, "confEducation": { "name": "Confidence in Education", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal of confidence in the people running education", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2024, "points": 33 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "… — Education NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1973": 37.2, "1974": 49.7, "1975": 31.7, "1976": 38.4, "1977": 40.3, "1978": 28.8, "1980": 30.1, "1982": 34, "1983": 29.6, "1984": 29, "1986": 28.6, "1987": 34.1, "1988": 30.3, "1989": 30.6, "1990": 27.2, "1991": 30.9, "1993": 22.7, "1994": 26.5, "1996": 24, "1998": 27.4, "2000": 27.7, "2002": 26.8, "2004": 29.2, "2006": 28.6, "2008": 29.9, "2010": 28.5, "2012": 25.4, "2014": 25.5, "2016": 26.3, "2018": 25.2, "2021": 17.8, "2022": 18.8, "2024": 19.8 } }, "confScience": { "name": "Confidence in Science", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal of confidence in the scientific community", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2024, "points": 33 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NORC General Social Survey (cumulative file 1972–2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://gss.norc.org/content/dam/gss/get-the-data/documents/stata/GSS_stata.zip", "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "… — Scientific community NORC General Social Survey cumulative file, computed here from the public microdata: weighted (WTSSPS, NORC's post-stratification weight available for every year 1972–2024) share of valid responses. 2021 moved to a push-to-web design during the pandemic and 2022/2024 are mixed-mode; NORC advises caution comparing 2021+ with the in-person years, so treat 2021 as a seam. Years with fewer than 200 weighted responses are dropped.", "data": { "1973": 41.1, "1974": 50.6, "1975": 42, "1976": 47.9, "1977": 44.2, "1978": 40.8, "1980": 44.4, "1982": 43.3, "1983": 44.9, "1984": 49.9, "1986": 42.9, "1987": 47.8, "1988": 43.2, "1989": 45.2, "1990": 42.2, "1991": 43.8, "1993": 40.4, "1994": 41.1, "1996": 43.3, "1998": 43.9, "2000": 45.3, "2002": 40.5, "2004": 42.6, "2006": 44.1, "2008": 40.2, "2010": 42.9, "2012": 42.3, "2014": 43, "2016": 43.6, "2018": 47.6, "2021": 47.9, "2022": 39, "2024": 36.3 } }, "gallupMedical": { "name": "Confidence in the Medical System", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1975, "last": 2026, "points": 36 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1975": 80, "1977": 74, "1993": 34, "1994": 36, "1995": 41, "1996": 42, "1997": 38, "1998": 40, "1999": 40, "2000": 40, "2001": 40, "2002": 38, "2003": 44, "2004": 44, "2005": 42, "2006": 38, "2007": 31, "2008": 35, "2009": 36, "2010": 40, "2011": 39, "2012": 41, "2013": 35, "2014": 34, "2015": 37, "2016": 39, "2017": 37, "2018": 36, "2019": 36, "2020": 51, "2021": 44, "2022": 38, "2023": 34, "2024": 36, "2025": 32, "2026": 28 } }, "gallupBigBusiness": { "name": "Confidence in Big Business", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2026, "points": 46 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1973": 26, "1975": 34, "1977": 32, "1979": 32, "1981": 20, "1983": 28, "1984": 29, "1985": 32, "1986": 28, "1988": 25, "1990": 25, "1991": 22, "1993": 23, "1994": 26, "1995": 21, "1996": 24, "1997": 28, "1998": 30, "1999": 30, "2000": 29, "2001": 28, "2002": 20, "2003": 22, "2004": 24, "2005": 22, "2006": 18, "2007": 18, "2008": 20, "2009": 16, "2010": 19, "2011": 19, "2012": 21, "2013": 22, "2014": 21, "2015": 21, "2016": 18, "2017": 21, "2018": 25, "2019": 23, "2020": 19, "2021": 18, "2022": 14, "2023": 14, "2024": 16, "2025": 15, "2026": 17 } }, "gallupBanks": { "name": "Confidence in Banks", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1979, "last": 2026, "points": 45 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1979": 60, "1981": 47, "1983": 51, "1984": 51, "1985": 51, "1986": 49, "1987": 51, "1988": 49, "1989": 42, "1990": 36, "1991": 29, "1993": 37, "1994": 35, "1995": 43, "1996": 44, "1997": 41, "1998": 40, "1999": 43, "2000": 46, "2001": 44, "2002": 47, "2003": 50, "2004": 53, "2005": 49, "2006": 49, "2007": 41, "2008": 32, "2009": 22, "2010": 23, "2011": 23, "2012": 21, "2013": 26, "2014": 26, "2015": 28, "2016": 27, "2017": 32, "2018": 30, "2019": 30, "2020": 38, "2021": 33, "2022": 27, "2023": 26, "2024": 27, "2025": 30, "2026": 28 } }, "gallupReligion": { "name": "Confidence in Organized Religion", "category": "Trust & Institutions", "unit": "percent with a great deal or quite a lot of confidence", "coverage": { "first": 1973, "last": 2026, "points": 48 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Gallup, Confidence in Institutions", "sourceUrl": "https://news.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Societal-Health" ], "note": "Gallup's annual June Confidence in Institutions poll (telephone, ~1,000 adults): \"Please tell me how much confidence you, yourself, have in each one — a great deal, quite a lot, some, or very little?\" Value is great deal + quite a lot. Asked every year since 1993 and irregularly before; where Gallup polled twice in one year (1991) the later poll is kept.", "data": { "1973": 65, "1975": 68, "1977": 64, "1979": 65, "1981": 64, "1983": 62, "1984": 64, "1985": 66, "1986": 57, "1987": 61, "1988": 59, "1989": 52, "1990": 56, "1991": 56, "1993": 53, "1994": 54, "1995": 57, "1996": 57, "1997": 56, "1998": 59, "1999": 58, "2000": 56, "2001": 60, "2002": 45, "2003": 50, "2004": 53, "2005": 53, "2006": 52, "2007": 46, "2008": 48, "2009": 52, "2010": 48, "2011": 48, "2012": 44, "2013": 48, "2014": 45, "2015": 42, "2016": 41, "2017": 41, "2018": 38, "2019": 36, "2020": 42, "2021": 37, "2022": 31, "2023": 32, "2024": 32, "2025": 36, "2026": 33 } }, "turnout": { "name": "Voter Turnout", "category": "Government & Democracy", "unit": "percent of voting-age population, presidential elections", "coverage": { "first": 1964, "last": 2024, "points": 16 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "Census Bureau, CPS Voting and Registration, Table A-1", "sourceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/voting-and-registration/voting-historical-time-series.html", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Share of the voting-age population who told the Census they voted, presidential years only. Self-reported, so it runs several points above turnout counted from ballots; the trend, not the level, is the signal. The Census's citizen-only rate runs higher still but only exists from 1978, so this series uses the voting-age-population measure, which covers every election back to 1964. Midterms run structurally lower and are excluded.", "data": { "1964": 69.3, "1968": 67.8, "1972": 63, "1976": 59.2, "1980": 59.2, "1984": 59.9, "1988": 57.4, "1992": 61.3, "1996": 54.2, "2000": 54.7, "2004": 58.3, "2008": 58.2, "2012": 56.5, "2016": 56, "2020": 61.3, "2024": 59.3 } }, "deficit": { "name": "Federal Deficit", "category": "Government & Democracy", "unit": "percent of GDP (negative = deficit)", "coverage": { "first": 1930, "last": 2025, "points": 96 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "FRED FYFSGDA188S", "sourceUrl": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/FYFSGDA188S", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Federal surplus or deficit as a percent of GDP; negative values are deficits.", "data": { "1930": 0.8, "1931": -0.6, "1932": -4.6, "1933": -4.6, "1934": -5.4, "1935": -3.8, "1936": -5.1, "1937": -2.4, "1938": -0.1, "1939": -3, "1940": -2.8, "1941": -3.8, "1942": -12.4, "1943": -26.9, "1944": -21.2, "1945": -20.9, "1946": -7, "1947": 1.6, "1948": 4.3, "1949": 0.2, "1950": -1, "1951": 1.8, "1952": -0.4, "1953": -1.7, "1954": -0.3, "1955": -0.7, "1956": 0.9, "1957": 0.7, "1958": -0.6, "1959": -2.5, "1960": 0.1, "1961": -0.6, "1962": -1.2, "1963": -0.7, "1964": -0.9, "1965": -0.2, "1966": -0.5, "1967": -1, "1968": -2.7, "1969": 0.3, "1970": -0.3, "1971": -2, "1972": -1.8, "1973": -1, "1974": -0.4, "1975": -3.2, "1976": -3.9, "1977": -2.6, "1978": -2.5, "1979": -1.6, "1980": -2.6, "1981": -2.5, "1982": -3.8, "1983": -5.7, "1984": -4.6, "1985": -4.9, "1986": -4.8, "1987": -3.1, "1988": -3, "1989": -2.7, "1990": -3.7, "1991": -4.4, "1992": -4.5, "1993": -3.7, "1994": -2.8, "1995": -2.1, "1996": -1.3, "1997": -0.3, "1998": 0.8, "1999": 1.3, "2000": 2.3, "2001": 1.2, "2002": -1.4, "2003": -3.3, "2004": -3.4, "2005": -2.4, "2006": -1.8, "2007": -1.1, "2008": -3.1, "2009": -9.8, "2010": -8.6, "2011": -8.3, "2012": -6.6, "2013": -4, "2014": -2.8, "2015": -2.4, "2016": -3.1, "2017": -3.4, "2018": -3.8, "2019": -4.6, "2020": -14.5, "2021": -11.7, "2022": -5.3, "2023": -6.1, "2024": -6.2, "2025": -5.8 } }, "co2": { "name": "CO2 Emissions", "category": "Energy & Environment", "unit": "million metric tons per year", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "down", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "EIA Monthly Energy Review, Table 11.1", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#environment", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Total US energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, all fuels and all sectors. Energy emissions only — agriculture, industrial process, and land-use emissions are not counted.", "data": { "1949": 2207, "1950": 2382, "1951": 2527, "1952": 2473, "1953": 2537, "1954": 2422, "1955": 2685, "1956": 2777, "1957": 2757, "1958": 2703, "1959": 2807, "1960": 2914, "1961": 2943, "1962": 3065, "1963": 3185, "1964": 3317, "1965": 3462, "1966": 3654, "1967": 3749, "1968": 3965, "1969": 4135, "1970": 4261, "1971": 4312, "1972": 4532, "1973": 4721, "1974": 4561, "1975": 4428, "1976": 4695, "1977": 4835, "1978": 4884, "1979": 4950, "1980": 4757, "1981": 4637, "1982": 4405, "1983": 4384, "1984": 4613, "1985": 4606, "1986": 4616, "1987": 4776, "1988": 4999, "1989": 5085, "1990": 5038, "1991": 4993, "1992": 5094, "1993": 5186, "1994": 5263, "1995": 5325, "1996": 5518, "1997": 5590, "1998": 5637, "1999": 5700, "2000": 5889, "2001": 5778, "2002": 5820, "2003": 5887, "2004": 5994, "2005": 6008, "2006": 5930, "2007": 6015, "2008": 5823, "2009": 5404, "2010": 5594, "2011": 5455, "2012": 5236, "2013": 5359, "2014": 5414, "2015": 5262, "2016": 5169, "2017": 5131, "2018": 5278, "2019": 5147, "2020": 4585, "2021": 4906, "2022": 4945, "2023": 4799, "2024": 4789, "2025": 4904 } }, "renewables": { "name": "Renewable Share of Energy", "category": "Energy & Environment", "unit": "percent of total US energy consumption", "coverage": { "first": 1949, "last": 2025, "points": 77 }, "goodDirection": "up", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "EIA Monthly Energy Review, Tables 1.1 and 10.1", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#renewable", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Total renewable energy consumption divided by total primary energy consumption, both as published by EIA. Covers all energy use, not electricity alone, so it sits below the widely-quoted renewable share of the power grid. Includes hydro, wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal.", "data": { "1949": 6.1, "1950": 5.7, "1951": 5.3, "1952": 5.2, "1953": 4.9, "1954": 5, "1955": 4.6, "1956": 4.5, "1957": 4.4, "1958": 4.5, "1959": 4.3, "1960": 4.2, "1961": 4.1, "1962": 4.1, "1963": 3.9, "1964": 3.9, "1965": 3.8, "1966": 3.7, "1967": 3.7, "1968": 3.6, "1969": 3.6, "1970": 3.5, "1971": 3.5, "1972": 3.5, "1973": 3.4, "1974": 3.6, "1975": 3.6, "1976": 3.7, "1977": 3.4, "1978": 3.9, "1979": 4, "1980": 4.5, "1981": 4.7, "1982": 5.3, "1983": 5.8, "1984": 5.5, "1985": 5.4, "1986": 5.3, "1987": 4.9, "1988": 4.7, "1989": 5.1, "1990": 4.7, "1991": 4.7, "1992": 4.7, "1993": 4.7, "1994": 4.7, "1995": 4.8, "1996": 4.9, "1997": 4.9, "1998": 4.5, "1999": 4.5, "2000": 4.2, "2001": 3.7, "2002": 3.9, "2003": 4.1, "2004": 4.2, "2005": 4.3, "2006": 4.6, "2007": 4.6, "2008": 5.2, "2009": 5.8, "2010": 6.2, "2011": 6.7, "2012": 6.7, "2013": 7, "2014": 7.1, "2015": 7.2, "2016": 7.6, "2017": 7.9, "2018": 7.7, "2019": 7.9, "2020": 8.2, "2021": 8.2, "2022": 8.7, "2023": 8.9, "2024": 9.2, "2025": 9.2 } }, "temperature": { "name": "US Average Temperature", "category": "Energy & Environment", "unit": "degrees Fahrenheit, annual mean", "coverage": { "first": 1895, "last": 2025, "points": 131 }, "goodDirection": "neutral", "partialYear": null, "partialThrough": null, "source": "NOAA NCEI, Climate at a Glance", "sourceUrl": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/national/time-series", "historicalSourceUrls": [ "https://github.com/danielmiessler/substrate/tree/main/Data/US-Long-Run-Indicators" ], "note": "Contiguous US January–December average temperature, as published by NOAA in degrees Fahrenheit. The 48 contiguous states only; Alaska and Hawaii are separate NOAA regions.", "data": { "1895": 50.33, "1896": 51.98, "1897": 51.54, "1898": 51.42, "1899": 50.99, "1900": 52.76, "1901": 51.86, "1902": 51.57, "1903": 50.61, "1904": 51.15, "1905": 50.99, "1906": 51.72, "1907": 51.47, "1908": 52.07, "1909": 51.42, "1910": 52.41, "1911": 52.02, "1912": 50.22, "1913": 51.53, "1914": 51.83, "1915": 51.43, "1916": 50.84, "1917": 50.05, "1918": 51.85, "1919": 51.54, "1920": 51.07, "1921": 53.79, "1922": 52.02, "1923": 51.63, "1924": 50.57, "1925": 52.51, "1926": 51.94, "1927": 52.14, "1928": 51.91, "1929": 50.85, "1930": 51.97, "1931": 53.52, "1932": 51.72, "1933": 52.98, "1934": 54.09, "1935": 51.88, "1936": 52.14, "1937": 51.54, "1938": 53.17, "1939": 53.25, "1940": 51.88, "1941": 52.64, "1942": 51.83, "1943": 52.06, "1944": 51.82, "1945": 51.74, "1946": 52.94, "1947": 51.91, "1948": 51.6, "1949": 52.01, "1950": 51.38, "1951": 51.11, "1952": 52.27, "1953": 53.35, "1954": 53.32, "1955": 51.68, "1956": 52.33, "1957": 52.03, "1958": 51.92, "1959": 52.1, "1960": 51.43, "1961": 51.86, "1962": 51.89, "1963": 52.25, "1964": 51.67, "1965": 51.67, "1966": 51.48, "1967": 51.75, "1968": 51.31, "1969": 51.49, "1970": 51.6, "1971": 51.65, "1972": 51.36, "1973": 52.28, "1974": 52.26, "1975": 51.49, "1976": 51.46, "1977": 52.54, "1978": 51.04, "1979": 50.88, "1980": 52.38, "1981": 53.11, "1982": 51.33, "1983": 51.87, "1984": 51.97, "1985": 51.29, "1986": 53.31, "1987": 53.32, "1988": 52.62, "1989": 51.82, "1990": 53.5, "1991": 53.15, "1992": 52.59, "1993": 51.25, "1994": 52.85, "1995": 52.65, "1996": 51.88, "1997": 52.19, "1998": 54.22, "1999": 53.87, "2000": 53.25, "2001": 53.68, "2002": 53.2, "2003": 53.24, "2004": 53.08, "2005": 53.63, "2006": 54.24, "2007": 53.64, "2008": 52.28, "2009": 52.38, "2010": 52.98, "2011": 53.17, "2012": 55.27, "2013": 52.42, "2014": 52.53, "2015": 54.38, "2016": 54.9, "2017": 54.54, "2018": 53.51, "2019": 52.66, "2020": 54.36, "2021": 54.5, "2022": 53.38, "2023": 54.36, "2024": 55.48, "2025": 54.63 } } } }